166
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Suitable Farm-Level Indicators
In the literature review and subsequent discussions with extension staff and experts,
we identified a total of 14 indicators relevant to CSA in the Lushoto farming community as listed in Table 14.1. The food security pillar of CSA focuses on strategies
that aim to ensure food productivity, food availability, food accessibility and food
utilisation. In the assessments in Lushoto, we included the following indicators:
food production, animal production, income, and consumption. The adaptation pillar of CSA points towards risk reduction, technological adjustments, and information support for environmental management sustaining the proper growth and
development of crops and/or animals. In the Lushoto assessments, we included the
following ten indicators in the adaptation pillar: skills and knowledge, access to
information, crop adaptation, crop diversity, animal diversity, soil protection,
income from farm productivity, stability of farm productivity, income stability, and
animal adaptation.
Table 14.1 Indicators selected by extension staff and agricultural experts for the food security and
adaptation pillars
Pillars
Indicators
References
Food
security
Food production
Nambiar et al. (2001), Yegbemey et al. (2014), Rasul and
Thapa (2004), Kamanga et al. (2010), López-Ridaura et al.
(2002), and Mittal and Bajwa (2015)
Animal
production
López-Ridaura et al. (2002), Chigwa et al. (2015),
Descheemaeker et al. (2011), Herrero et al. (2010), Mittal and
Bajwa (2015), and Altieri (1999)
Income
Hayati et al. (2010), Altieri (1999), and Mittal and Bajwa
(2015)
Consumption
Yegbemey et al. (2014), Kamanga et al. (2010), and Smith
et al. (2015)
Adaptation Skills and
knowledge
Kimaru-Muchai et al. (2013)
Access to
information
Smith et al. (2015), Hoang et al. (2006), and Odini (2014)
Crop adaptation
Vignola et al. (2015)
Crop diversity
Horrigan et al. (2002), Rasul and Thapa (2003), Nambiar et al.
(2001), Valet and Ozier-Lafontaine (2014), and Zhu et al.
(2000)
Animal diversity Nambiar et al. (2001)
Soil protection
Lusigi (1995), and Snapp et al. (2010)
Farm productivity Meul et al. (2012), and Van Passel and Meul (2012)
Stability of farm
productivity
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(2001)
Income stability
Mishra and Sandretto (2002), and Dose (2007)
Animal adaptation Vignola et al. (2015)
L. T. Manda et al.
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Suitable Farm-Level Indicators
In the literature review and subsequent discussions with extension staff and experts,
we identified a total of 14 indicators relevant to CSA in the Lushoto farming community as listed in Table 14.1. The food security pillar of CSA focuses on strategies
that aim to ensure food productivity, food availability, food accessibility and food
utilisation. In the assessments in Lushoto, we included the following indicators:
food production, animal production, income, and consumption. The adaptation pillar of CSA points towards risk reduction, technological adjustments, and information support for environmental management sustaining the proper growth and
development of crops and/or animals. In the Lushoto assessments, we included the
following ten indicators in the adaptation pillar: skills and knowledge, access to
information, crop adaptation, crop diversity, animal diversity, soil protection,
income from farm productivity, stability of farm productivity, income stability, and
animal adaptation.
Table 14.1 Indicators selected by extension staff and agricultural experts for the food security and
adaptation pillars
Pillars
Indicators
References
Food
security
Food production
Nambiar et al. (2001), Yegbemey et al. (2014), Rasul and
Thapa (2004), Kamanga et al. (2010), López-Ridaura et al.
(2002), and Mittal and Bajwa (2015)
Animal
production
López-Ridaura et al. (2002), Chigwa et al. (2015),
Descheemaeker et al. (2011), Herrero et al. (2010), Mittal and
Bajwa (2015), and Altieri (1999)
Income
Hayati et al. (2010), Altieri (1999), and Mittal and Bajwa
(2015)
Consumption
Yegbemey et al. (2014), Kamanga et al. (2010), and Smith
et al. (2015)
Adaptation Skills and
knowledge
Kimaru-Muchai et al. (2013)
Access to
information
Smith et al. (2015), Hoang et al. (2006), and Odini (2014)
Crop adaptation
Vignola et al. (2015)
Crop diversity
Horrigan et al. (2002), Rasul and Thapa (2003), Nambiar et al.
(2001), Valet and Ozier-Lafontaine (2014), and Zhu et al.
(2000)
Animal diversity Nambiar et al. (2001)
Soil protection
Lusigi (1995), and Snapp et al. (2010)
Farm productivity Meul et al. (2012), and Van Passel and Meul (2012)
Stability of farm
productivity
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(2001)
Income stability
Mishra and Sandretto (2002), and Dose (2007)
Animal adaptation Vignola et al. (2015)
L. T. Manda et al.