Overview of Raman Spectroscopy: Fundamental to Applications
175
5 Conclusion
Raman spectroscopy has the advantages of being non-invasive and able to provide
real-time and in situ results, so it deserves to be studied and improved further to better
serve field applications. However, some shortcomings are also associated with this
technique as the Raman phenomenon is quite weak which results in poor sensitivity
making it challenging to measure low concentrations of a substance. Even if the
material is high fluorescent then it will be difficult to record spectra. Many advanced
variants of Raman spectroscopy have therefore been discovered as a solution, such as
surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS),
coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), etc. The overview, the technical
advances, and their applications are demonstrated in upcoming chapters.
Acknowledgements D. K. S. acknowledges financial support from the SERB-DST ECR project
“ECR/2016/001289”. D. K. P. is grateful to DST, India for providing financial support under the
INSPIRE Fellowship No. IF170625.
References
1. R.S. Krishnan, R.K. Shankar, J. Raman Spectrosc. 10(1), 1–8 (1981)
2. C.V. Raman, K.S. Krishnan, A new type of secondary radiation. Nat. Lond. 121(3048), 501–
502 (1928)
3. E. Smith, G. Dent, Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach (Wiley, Hoboken,
2004)
4. D.A. Long, The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by
Molecules (Wiley, Hoboken, 2002).
5. D.A. Long, Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill Inc., Great Britain, 1977).
6. W. Kiefer, J. Popp, Raman Scattering, Fundamentals (Wiley, Hoboken, 2000)
7. S.D. McGrane, D.S. Moore, P.M. Goodwin, D.M. Dattelbaum, Appl. Spectrosc. 68(11), 1279–
1288 (2014)
8. R.J.H. Clark, T.J. Dines, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 25(2), 131–158 (1986)
9. P. Venabeele, Practical Raman Spectroscopy—An Introduction (Wiley, Hoboken, 2013)
10. G.S. Bumbrah, R.M. Sharma, Egypt. J. Forensic Sci. 6(3), 209–215 (2016)
11. J.M. Chalmers, H.G.M. Edwards, M.D. Hargreaves, Infrared Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic
Science (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012)
12. F.A. Settle, Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry (Prentice Inc.,
New Jersey, 1997).
13. G. Gauglitz, T. Vo-Dinh, Handbook of Spectroscopy (Wiley-Vch Verglag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim, 2003).
14. D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis (Cengage Learning,
2006)
15. L.A. Woodward, D.N. Waters, J. Sci. Instrum. 34(6), 222–224 (1957)
16. M.A. Ferrara, L. Sirleto, Micromachines 11, 1–19 (2020)
17. R.L. McCreery, Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (Wiley, New York, 2000).
18. M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics-Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference
Diffraction of Light (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975).
19. E.G. Loewen, M. Nivière, D. Maystre, Appl. Opt. 16(10), 2711–2721 (1977)
175
5 Conclusion
Raman spectroscopy has the advantages of being non-invasive and able to provide
real-time and in situ results, so it deserves to be studied and improved further to better
serve field applications. However, some shortcomings are also associated with this
technique as the Raman phenomenon is quite weak which results in poor sensitivity
making it challenging to measure low concentrations of a substance. Even if the
material is high fluorescent then it will be difficult to record spectra. Many advanced
variants of Raman spectroscopy have therefore been discovered as a solution, such as
surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS),
coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), etc. The overview, the technical
advances, and their applications are demonstrated in upcoming chapters.
Acknowledgements D. K. S. acknowledges financial support from the SERB-DST ECR project
“ECR/2016/001289”. D. K. P. is grateful to DST, India for providing financial support under the
INSPIRE Fellowship No. IF170625.
References
1. R.S. Krishnan, R.K. Shankar, J. Raman Spectrosc. 10(1), 1–8 (1981)
2. C.V. Raman, K.S. Krishnan, A new type of secondary radiation. Nat. Lond. 121(3048), 501–
502 (1928)
3. E. Smith, G. Dent, Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach (Wiley, Hoboken,
2004)
4. D.A. Long, The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by
Molecules (Wiley, Hoboken, 2002).
5. D.A. Long, Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill Inc., Great Britain, 1977).
6. W. Kiefer, J. Popp, Raman Scattering, Fundamentals (Wiley, Hoboken, 2000)
7. S.D. McGrane, D.S. Moore, P.M. Goodwin, D.M. Dattelbaum, Appl. Spectrosc. 68(11), 1279–
1288 (2014)
8. R.J.H. Clark, T.J. Dines, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 25(2), 131–158 (1986)
9. P. Venabeele, Practical Raman Spectroscopy—An Introduction (Wiley, Hoboken, 2013)
10. G.S. Bumbrah, R.M. Sharma, Egypt. J. Forensic Sci. 6(3), 209–215 (2016)
11. J.M. Chalmers, H.G.M. Edwards, M.D. Hargreaves, Infrared Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic
Science (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012)
12. F.A. Settle, Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry (Prentice Inc.,
New Jersey, 1997).
13. G. Gauglitz, T. Vo-Dinh, Handbook of Spectroscopy (Wiley-Vch Verglag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim, 2003).
14. D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis (Cengage Learning,
2006)
15. L.A. Woodward, D.N. Waters, J. Sci. Instrum. 34(6), 222–224 (1957)
16. M.A. Ferrara, L. Sirleto, Micromachines 11, 1–19 (2020)
17. R.L. McCreery, Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (Wiley, New York, 2000).
18. M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics-Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference
Diffraction of Light (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975).
19. E.G. Loewen, M. Nivière, D. Maystre, Appl. Opt. 16(10), 2711–2721 (1977)