Bevanger, K. (1994). Bird interactions with utility structures: Collision and electrocution, causes
and mitigating measures. Ibis, 136, 412–425.
Castiov, F. (1999). Testing potential repellents for mitigation of vehicle-induced mortality of wild
ungulates in Ontario. Ph.D. thesis Dissertation, Laurentian University, Sudbury.
Clevenger, A. P., & Waltho, N. (1999). Dry drainage culvert use and design considerations for
small- and medium-sized mammal movement across a major transportation corridor. In G.
L. Evink, P. Garrett, & D. Zeigler (Eds.), Proceedings of the third international conference on
wildlife ecology and transportation (pp. 263–277). Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of
Transportation.
Clevenger, A. P., & Waltho, N. (2000). Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife
underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology, 14, 47–56.
Costa, A. S., Ascensão, F., & Bager, A. (2015). Mixed sampling protocols improve the
cost-effectiveness of roadkill surveys. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24, 2953–2965.
Cserkész, T., & Farkas, J. (2015). Annual trends in the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions on the
main linear transport corridors (highway and railway) of Hungary. North-Western Journal of
Zoology, 11, 41–50.
Dodd, C. K., Jr., Barichivich, W. J., & Smith, L. L. (2004). Effectiveness of a barrier wall and
culverts in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida. Biological
Conservation, 118, 619–631.
Dorsey, B. (2011). Factors affecting bear and ungulate mortalities along the Canadian Pacific
Railroad through Banff and Yoho National Parks. Master’s thesis, Montana State University.
Dorsey, B., Olsson, M., & Rew, L. J. (2015). Ecological effects of railways on wildlife. In R. van
der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of road ecology (pp. 219–227). West
Sussex: Wiley.
Eriksson, C. (2014). Does tree removal along railroads in Sweden influence the risk of train
accidents with moose and roe deer? Dissertation, Second cycle, A2E. Grimsö och Uppsala:
SLU, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station.
Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H.,
et al. (2003). Road ecology: Science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Frikovic, A., Ruff, R. L., Cicnjak, L., & Huber, D. (1987). Brown bear mortality during 1946–85
in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia. In International conference on bear research and management
(Vol. 7, pp. 87–92).
Garrah, E., Danby, R. K., Eberhardt, E., Cunnington, G. M., & Mitchell, S. (2015). Hot spots and
hot times: Wildlife road mortality in a regional conservation corridor. Environmental
Management, 56, 874–889.
Gerow, K., Kline, N. C., Swann, D. E., & Pokorny, M. (2010). Estimating annual vertebrate
mortality on roads at Saguaro National Park, Arizona. Human and Wildlife Interactions, 4,
283–292.
Glista, D. J., DeVault, T. L., & DeWoody, J. A. (2009). A review of mitigation measures for
reducing wildlife mortality on roadways. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91, 1–7.
Gomes, L., Grilo, C., Silva, C., & Mira, A. (2009). Identification methods and deterministic factors
of owl roadkill hotspot locations in Mediterranean landscapes. Ecological Research, 24, 355–
370.
Grilo, C., Bisonette, J. A., & Cramer, P. C. (2010). Mitigation measures to reduce impacts on
biodiversity. In S. R. Jones (Ed.), Highways: Construction, management, and maintenance
(pp. 73–114). Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers.
Guinard, E., Julliard, R., & Bardraud, C. (2012). Motorways and bird traffic casualties: Carcass
surveys and scavenging bias. Biological Conservation, 147, 40–51.
Gundersen, H., Andreassen, H. P., & Storaas, T. (1998). Spatial and temporal correlates to
Norwegian moose-train collisions. Alces, 34, 385–394.
Gunson, K. E., Mountrakis, G., & Quackenbush, L. J. (2011). Spatial wildlife-vehicle collision
models: A review of current work and its application to transportation mitigation projects.
Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 1074–1082.
3 Methods to Monitor and Mitigate Wildlife Mortality in Railways
39
and mitigating measures. Ibis, 136, 412–425.
Castiov, F. (1999). Testing potential repellents for mitigation of vehicle-induced mortality of wild
ungulates in Ontario. Ph.D. thesis Dissertation, Laurentian University, Sudbury.
Clevenger, A. P., & Waltho, N. (1999). Dry drainage culvert use and design considerations for
small- and medium-sized mammal movement across a major transportation corridor. In G.
L. Evink, P. Garrett, & D. Zeigler (Eds.), Proceedings of the third international conference on
wildlife ecology and transportation (pp. 263–277). Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of
Transportation.
Clevenger, A. P., & Waltho, N. (2000). Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife
underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology, 14, 47–56.
Costa, A. S., Ascensão, F., & Bager, A. (2015). Mixed sampling protocols improve the
cost-effectiveness of roadkill surveys. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24, 2953–2965.
Cserkész, T., & Farkas, J. (2015). Annual trends in the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions on the
main linear transport corridors (highway and railway) of Hungary. North-Western Journal of
Zoology, 11, 41–50.
Dodd, C. K., Jr., Barichivich, W. J., & Smith, L. L. (2004). Effectiveness of a barrier wall and
culverts in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in Florida. Biological
Conservation, 118, 619–631.
Dorsey, B. (2011). Factors affecting bear and ungulate mortalities along the Canadian Pacific
Railroad through Banff and Yoho National Parks. Master’s thesis, Montana State University.
Dorsey, B., Olsson, M., & Rew, L. J. (2015). Ecological effects of railways on wildlife. In R. van
der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of road ecology (pp. 219–227). West
Sussex: Wiley.
Eriksson, C. (2014). Does tree removal along railroads in Sweden influence the risk of train
accidents with moose and roe deer? Dissertation, Second cycle, A2E. Grimsö och Uppsala:
SLU, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station.
Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H.,
et al. (2003). Road ecology: Science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Frikovic, A., Ruff, R. L., Cicnjak, L., & Huber, D. (1987). Brown bear mortality during 1946–85
in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia. In International conference on bear research and management
(Vol. 7, pp. 87–92).
Garrah, E., Danby, R. K., Eberhardt, E., Cunnington, G. M., & Mitchell, S. (2015). Hot spots and
hot times: Wildlife road mortality in a regional conservation corridor. Environmental
Management, 56, 874–889.
Gerow, K., Kline, N. C., Swann, D. E., & Pokorny, M. (2010). Estimating annual vertebrate
mortality on roads at Saguaro National Park, Arizona. Human and Wildlife Interactions, 4,
283–292.
Glista, D. J., DeVault, T. L., & DeWoody, J. A. (2009). A review of mitigation measures for
reducing wildlife mortality on roadways. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91, 1–7.
Gomes, L., Grilo, C., Silva, C., & Mira, A. (2009). Identification methods and deterministic factors
of owl roadkill hotspot locations in Mediterranean landscapes. Ecological Research, 24, 355–
370.
Grilo, C., Bisonette, J. A., & Cramer, P. C. (2010). Mitigation measures to reduce impacts on
biodiversity. In S. R. Jones (Ed.), Highways: Construction, management, and maintenance
(pp. 73–114). Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers.
Guinard, E., Julliard, R., & Bardraud, C. (2012). Motorways and bird traffic casualties: Carcass
surveys and scavenging bias. Biological Conservation, 147, 40–51.
Gundersen, H., Andreassen, H. P., & Storaas, T. (1998). Spatial and temporal correlates to
Norwegian moose-train collisions. Alces, 34, 385–394.
Gunson, K. E., Mountrakis, G., & Quackenbush, L. J. (2011). Spatial wildlife-vehicle collision
models: A review of current work and its application to transportation mitigation projects.
Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 1074–1082.
3 Methods to Monitor and Mitigate Wildlife Mortality in Railways
39