dynamic (Stern and Baird 2015). Bridging organizations, such as GNESA, bridge
the boundaries between stakeholders that operate at different scales, linking varied
constituencies to increase collective capabilities and social capital (Pretty 2003;
Pahl-Wostl et al. 2007). With these lessons in mind, the trust and culture will
hopefully be in place to allow future collaborative conservation to proceed.
Acknowledgements This study presents the combined contributions of many persons over the
course of many years. The author thanks the GNESA partnership for their commitment to environmental stewardship. Major funding for the work described herein was provided by the U.
S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. National Park Service, Glacier National Park, and the Federal
Highways Administration. Valuable support was provided by the U. S. Forest Service; Montana
Department of Transportation; Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks; and the
Burlington-Northern Santa Fe railroad.
References
Ament, R., McGowen, P., McClure, M., Rutherford, A., Ellis, C., & Grebenc, J. (2014). Highway
mitigation for wildlife in northwest Montana. Sonoran Institute, Northern Rockies Office,
Bozeman, MT, 84 pp.
Babińska-Werka, J., Krauze-Gryz, D., Wasilewski, M., & Jasińska, K. (2015). Effectiveness of an
acoustic wildlife warning device using natural calls to reduce the risk of train collisions with
animals. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 38, 6–14.
Grey, E. (2015). The underdog: Preventing animal casualties on railways. http://www.railwaytechnology.com/features/featurethe-underdog-preventing-animal-casualties-on-railways-4532957/.
Accessed June 12, 2016.
Hamre, D., & Overcast, M. (2004). Avalanche risk analysis: John Stevens Canyon, Essex,
Montana. Unpublished Report, Chugach Adventure Guides, LLC., Girdwood, AK, 80 pp.
Harner, M. J., & Stanford, J. A. (2003). Differences in cottonwood growth between a losing and a
gaining reach of an alluvial floodplain. Ecology, 84, 1453–1458.
Levesque, S. L. (2001). The Yellowstone to Yukon conservation initiative: reconstructing
boundaries, biodiversity, and beliefs. In: Reflections on water: New approaches to
transboundary conflicts and cooperation (pp. 123–162). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Mace, R. D., Carney, D. W., Chilton-Radandt, T., Courville, S. A., Haroldson, M. A., Harris, R.
B., et al. (2012). Grizzly bear population vital rates and trend in the Northern Continental
Divide Ecosystem, Montana. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 76, 119–128.
National Park Service. (2008a). Avalanche hazard reduction by Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Railway in Glacier National Park and Flathead National Forest, Montana. Final Environmental
Impact Statement.
National Park Service. (2008b). Avalanche hazard reduction by Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Railway in Glacier National Park and Flathead National Forest, Montana. Record of Decision.
Pahl-Wostl, C., Craps, M., Dewulf, A., Mostert, E., Tabara, D., & Taillieu, T. (2007). Social
learning and water resources management. Ecology and Society, 12, 2007.
Pretty, J. (2003). Social capital and the collective management of resources. Science, 302,
1912–1914.
Reardon, B. A., Fagre, D. B., & Steiner, R. W. (2004, September). Natural avalanches and
transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. In Proceedings of the
International Snow Science Workshop (pp. 19–24).
306
J.S. Waller
the boundaries between stakeholders that operate at different scales, linking varied
constituencies to increase collective capabilities and social capital (Pretty 2003;
Pahl-Wostl et al. 2007). With these lessons in mind, the trust and culture will
hopefully be in place to allow future collaborative conservation to proceed.
Acknowledgements This study presents the combined contributions of many persons over the
course of many years. The author thanks the GNESA partnership for their commitment to environmental stewardship. Major funding for the work described herein was provided by the U.
S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. National Park Service, Glacier National Park, and the Federal
Highways Administration. Valuable support was provided by the U. S. Forest Service; Montana
Department of Transportation; Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks; and the
Burlington-Northern Santa Fe railroad.
References
Ament, R., McGowen, P., McClure, M., Rutherford, A., Ellis, C., & Grebenc, J. (2014). Highway
mitigation for wildlife in northwest Montana. Sonoran Institute, Northern Rockies Office,
Bozeman, MT, 84 pp.
Babińska-Werka, J., Krauze-Gryz, D., Wasilewski, M., & Jasińska, K. (2015). Effectiveness of an
acoustic wildlife warning device using natural calls to reduce the risk of train collisions with
animals. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 38, 6–14.
Grey, E. (2015). The underdog: Preventing animal casualties on railways. http://www.railwaytechnology.com/features/featurethe-underdog-preventing-animal-casualties-on-railways-4532957/.
Accessed June 12, 2016.
Hamre, D., & Overcast, M. (2004). Avalanche risk analysis: John Stevens Canyon, Essex,
Montana. Unpublished Report, Chugach Adventure Guides, LLC., Girdwood, AK, 80 pp.
Harner, M. J., & Stanford, J. A. (2003). Differences in cottonwood growth between a losing and a
gaining reach of an alluvial floodplain. Ecology, 84, 1453–1458.
Levesque, S. L. (2001). The Yellowstone to Yukon conservation initiative: reconstructing
boundaries, biodiversity, and beliefs. In: Reflections on water: New approaches to
transboundary conflicts and cooperation (pp. 123–162). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Mace, R. D., Carney, D. W., Chilton-Radandt, T., Courville, S. A., Haroldson, M. A., Harris, R.
B., et al. (2012). Grizzly bear population vital rates and trend in the Northern Continental
Divide Ecosystem, Montana. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 76, 119–128.
National Park Service. (2008a). Avalanche hazard reduction by Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Railway in Glacier National Park and Flathead National Forest, Montana. Final Environmental
Impact Statement.
National Park Service. (2008b). Avalanche hazard reduction by Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Railway in Glacier National Park and Flathead National Forest, Montana. Record of Decision.
Pahl-Wostl, C., Craps, M., Dewulf, A., Mostert, E., Tabara, D., & Taillieu, T. (2007). Social
learning and water resources management. Ecology and Society, 12, 2007.
Pretty, J. (2003). Social capital and the collective management of resources. Science, 302,
1912–1914.
Reardon, B. A., Fagre, D. B., & Steiner, R. W. (2004, September). Natural avalanches and
transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. In Proceedings of the
International Snow Science Workshop (pp. 19–24).
306
J.S. Waller