Parallel to this project, empirical studies are being conducted to reduce
wildlife-vehicle collisions on roads; in combination, these studies will help to
develop national objectives and set up a national strategy for reducing wildlife and
traffic problems in Sweden.
Acknowledgements This project is being financed by the Swedish Transport Administration and
conducted in cooperation with Swedish Railways, Enviroplanning AB, and the Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences. Financial support for the video documentation was provided
by the Marie Claire Cronstedt Foundation. We thank Luís Borda-de-Água and Rafael Barrientos
for their valuable comments on the manuscript, and Tim Hipkiss at Enviroplanning AB, and Geeta
Singh at SLU, for proofreading this paper. The project is being carried out in close collaboration
with Anders Sjölund (Swedish Transport Administration), Pär Söderström, and Anders Forsberg
(Swedish Railways), Andreas Eklund (WSP), and many others. We are grateful for the help of the
train drivers in recording wildlife-train collisions, as well as for the interest of many private
companies in developing and testing innovative, technical solutions for warning wildlife on
railways.
References
Åhrén, T., & Larsson, P. O. (1999). Renpåkörningar - En pilotstudie för att hitta förslag till
effektiva åtgärder för att minska antalet djurpåkörningar utmed Malmbanan. Luleå: Banverket
Norra Regionen.
Åhrén, T., & Larsson, P. O. (2001). Djur i spår - En nulägesbeskrivning av djurpåkörningar inom
Banverket. Swedish National Rail Administration (intern report).
Babińska-Werka, J., Krauze-Gryz, D., Wasilewski, M., & Jasińska, K. (2015). Effectiveness of an
acoustic wildlife warning device using natural calls to reduce the risk of train collisions with
animals. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 38, 6–14. doi:10.1016/
j.trd.2015.04.021.
Belant, J. L., Seamans, T. W., & Tyson, L. A. (1998). Evaluation of electronic frightening devices
as white-tailed deer deterrents. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 18, 107.
Bomford, M., & O’Brien, P. H. (1990). Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: A review of
device tests and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006), 18, 411–422.
Borda-de-Água, L., Grilo, C., & Pereira, H. M. (2014). Modeling the impact of road mortality on
barn owl (Tyto alba) populations using age-structured models. Ecological Modelling, 276,
29–37. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.022
Child, K. (1983). Railways and moose in the central interior of BC: A recurrent management
problem. Alces, 19, 118–135.
Child, K. N., & Stuart, K. M. (1987). Vehicle and train collision fatalities of moose: Some
management and socio-economic considerations. Swedish Wildlife Research, (1), 699–703.
Curtis, P. D., Fitzgerald, C., & Richmond, M. E. (1997). Evaluation of the Yard Gard ultrasonic
yard protector for repelling white-tailed deer. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage
Control Conference, 7, 172.
Gundersen, H., & Andreassen, H. P. (1998). The risk of moose Alces alces collision: A predictive
logistic model for moose-train accidents. Wildlife Biology, 4, 103–110.
Hedlund, J. H., Curtis, P. D., Curtis, G., & Williams, A. F. (2004). Methods to reduce traffic
crashes involving deer: What works and what does not. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 122–131.
Huijser, M. P., Duffield, J. W., Clevenger, A. P., Ament, R. J., & McGowen, P. T. (2009).
Cost-benefit analyses of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with large ungulates
in the United States and Canada: A decision support tool. Ecology and Society, 14, 15.
17 Wildlife Deterrent Methods for Railways—An Experimental Study
289
wildlife-vehicle collisions on roads; in combination, these studies will help to
develop national objectives and set up a national strategy for reducing wildlife and
traffic problems in Sweden.
Acknowledgements This project is being financed by the Swedish Transport Administration and
conducted in cooperation with Swedish Railways, Enviroplanning AB, and the Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences. Financial support for the video documentation was provided
by the Marie Claire Cronstedt Foundation. We thank Luís Borda-de-Água and Rafael Barrientos
for their valuable comments on the manuscript, and Tim Hipkiss at Enviroplanning AB, and Geeta
Singh at SLU, for proofreading this paper. The project is being carried out in close collaboration
with Anders Sjölund (Swedish Transport Administration), Pär Söderström, and Anders Forsberg
(Swedish Railways), Andreas Eklund (WSP), and many others. We are grateful for the help of the
train drivers in recording wildlife-train collisions, as well as for the interest of many private
companies in developing and testing innovative, technical solutions for warning wildlife on
railways.
References
Åhrén, T., & Larsson, P. O. (1999). Renpåkörningar - En pilotstudie för att hitta förslag till
effektiva åtgärder för att minska antalet djurpåkörningar utmed Malmbanan. Luleå: Banverket
Norra Regionen.
Åhrén, T., & Larsson, P. O. (2001). Djur i spår - En nulägesbeskrivning av djurpåkörningar inom
Banverket. Swedish National Rail Administration (intern report).
Babińska-Werka, J., Krauze-Gryz, D., Wasilewski, M., & Jasińska, K. (2015). Effectiveness of an
acoustic wildlife warning device using natural calls to reduce the risk of train collisions with
animals. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 38, 6–14. doi:10.1016/
j.trd.2015.04.021.
Belant, J. L., Seamans, T. W., & Tyson, L. A. (1998). Evaluation of electronic frightening devices
as white-tailed deer deterrents. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 18, 107.
Bomford, M., & O’Brien, P. H. (1990). Sonic deterrents in animal damage control: A review of
device tests and effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006), 18, 411–422.
Borda-de-Água, L., Grilo, C., & Pereira, H. M. (2014). Modeling the impact of road mortality on
barn owl (Tyto alba) populations using age-structured models. Ecological Modelling, 276,
29–37. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.022
Child, K. (1983). Railways and moose in the central interior of BC: A recurrent management
problem. Alces, 19, 118–135.
Child, K. N., & Stuart, K. M. (1987). Vehicle and train collision fatalities of moose: Some
management and socio-economic considerations. Swedish Wildlife Research, (1), 699–703.
Curtis, P. D., Fitzgerald, C., & Richmond, M. E. (1997). Evaluation of the Yard Gard ultrasonic
yard protector for repelling white-tailed deer. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage
Control Conference, 7, 172.
Gundersen, H., & Andreassen, H. P. (1998). The risk of moose Alces alces collision: A predictive
logistic model for moose-train accidents. Wildlife Biology, 4, 103–110.
Hedlund, J. H., Curtis, P. D., Curtis, G., & Williams, A. F. (2004). Methods to reduce traffic
crashes involving deer: What works and what does not. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 122–131.
Huijser, M. P., Duffield, J. W., Clevenger, A. P., Ament, R. J., & McGowen, P. T. (2009).
Cost-benefit analyses of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with large ungulates
in the United States and Canada: A decision support tool. Ecology and Society, 14, 15.
17 Wildlife Deterrent Methods for Railways—An Experimental Study
289