Overall, we suggest that extensive management coupled with small-scale
revegetation processes, either artificial or natural, may help counteract the negative
large-scale effects of urbanisation and of the homogenisation of agricultural
landscapes.
Acknowledgements We deeply thank the editors for inviting us to participate to this stimulating
book on railway ecology. We would also like to thank in particular L. Borda de Água as well as I.
Takehito for their constructive and helpful comments on the submitted version of this chapter.
References
Abbott, I. M., Butler, F., & Harrison, S. (2012). When flyways meet highways—The relative
permeability of different motorway crossing sites to functionally diverse bat species.
Landscape and Urban Planning, 106, 293–302.
Bach, L., Burkhardt, P., & Limpens, H. J. (2004). Tunnels as a possibility to connect bat habitats.
Mammalia, 68, 411–420.
Berthinussen, A., & Altringham, J. (2012). The effect of a major road on bat activity and diversity.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 82–89.
Blanchet, É., Penone, C., Maurel, N., Billot, C., Rivallan, R., Risterucci, A.-M., et al. (2014).
Multivariate analysis of polyploid data reveals the role of railways in the spread of the invasive
South African Ragwort (Senecio inaequidens). Conservation Genetics, 16, 523–533.
Boughey, K. L., Lake, I. R., Haysom, K. A., & Dolman, P. M. (2011). Improving the biodiversity
benefits of hedgerows: How physical characteristics and the proximity of foraging habitat affect
the use of linear features by bats. Biological Conservation, 144, 1790–1798.
Brakefield, P. M. (1987). Geographical variability in, and temperature effects on, the phenology of
Maniola jurtina and Pyronia tithonus (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) in England and Wales.
Ecological Entomology, 12, 139–148.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2008). Transportation. In The world factbook.
Conradt, L., Roper, T. J., & Thomas, C. D. (2001). Dispersal behaviour of individuals in
metapopulations of two British butterflies. Oikos, 95, 416–424.
Cousins, S. A. O., & Lindborg, R. (2008). Remnant grassland habitats as source communities for
plant diversification in agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation, 141, 233–240.
Dietz, C. Von, Helversen, O., & Nill, D. (2007). Handbuch der Fledermäuse Europas und
Nordwestafrikas. Stuttgart: Franckh-Kosmos Verlag.
Ernst, W. H. O. (1998). Invasion, dispersal and ecology of the South African neophyte Senecio
inaequidens in The Netherlands: From wool alien to railway and road alien. Acta Botanica
Neerlandica, 47, 131–151.
Ewers, R. M., & Didham, R. K. (2006). Confounding factors in the detection of species responses
to habitat fragmentation. Biological Reviews, 81, 117–142.
Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology
Evolution and Systematics, 34, 487–515.
Fischer, J., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: A
synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 265–280.
Forman, R. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., et al.
(2002). Road ecology: Science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Hansen, M. J., & Clevenger, A. P. (2005). The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence
of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation, 125, 249–259.
Henry, H.-P., & Maurin, H. (1999). Les inventaires du patrimoine naturel en milieu urbain [The
inventories of the natural heritage in urban environments]. In B. Lizet, A.-E. Wolf, & J. Celecia
(Eds.), Sauvages dans la ville. De l’inventaire naturaliste à l’écologie urbaine [Wild in the city.
16 Ecological Roles of Railway Verges in Anthropogenic Landscapes …
273
revegetation processes, either artificial or natural, may help counteract the negative
large-scale effects of urbanisation and of the homogenisation of agricultural
landscapes.
Acknowledgements We deeply thank the editors for inviting us to participate to this stimulating
book on railway ecology. We would also like to thank in particular L. Borda de Água as well as I.
Takehito for their constructive and helpful comments on the submitted version of this chapter.
References
Abbott, I. M., Butler, F., & Harrison, S. (2012). When flyways meet highways—The relative
permeability of different motorway crossing sites to functionally diverse bat species.
Landscape and Urban Planning, 106, 293–302.
Bach, L., Burkhardt, P., & Limpens, H. J. (2004). Tunnels as a possibility to connect bat habitats.
Mammalia, 68, 411–420.
Berthinussen, A., & Altringham, J. (2012). The effect of a major road on bat activity and diversity.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 82–89.
Blanchet, É., Penone, C., Maurel, N., Billot, C., Rivallan, R., Risterucci, A.-M., et al. (2014).
Multivariate analysis of polyploid data reveals the role of railways in the spread of the invasive
South African Ragwort (Senecio inaequidens). Conservation Genetics, 16, 523–533.
Boughey, K. L., Lake, I. R., Haysom, K. A., & Dolman, P. M. (2011). Improving the biodiversity
benefits of hedgerows: How physical characteristics and the proximity of foraging habitat affect
the use of linear features by bats. Biological Conservation, 144, 1790–1798.
Brakefield, P. M. (1987). Geographical variability in, and temperature effects on, the phenology of
Maniola jurtina and Pyronia tithonus (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) in England and Wales.
Ecological Entomology, 12, 139–148.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2008). Transportation. In The world factbook.
Conradt, L., Roper, T. J., & Thomas, C. D. (2001). Dispersal behaviour of individuals in
metapopulations of two British butterflies. Oikos, 95, 416–424.
Cousins, S. A. O., & Lindborg, R. (2008). Remnant grassland habitats as source communities for
plant diversification in agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation, 141, 233–240.
Dietz, C. Von, Helversen, O., & Nill, D. (2007). Handbuch der Fledermäuse Europas und
Nordwestafrikas. Stuttgart: Franckh-Kosmos Verlag.
Ernst, W. H. O. (1998). Invasion, dispersal and ecology of the South African neophyte Senecio
inaequidens in The Netherlands: From wool alien to railway and road alien. Acta Botanica
Neerlandica, 47, 131–151.
Ewers, R. M., & Didham, R. K. (2006). Confounding factors in the detection of species responses
to habitat fragmentation. Biological Reviews, 81, 117–142.
Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology
Evolution and Systematics, 34, 487–515.
Fischer, J., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: A
synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 265–280.
Forman, R. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., et al.
(2002). Road ecology: Science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Hansen, M. J., & Clevenger, A. P. (2005). The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence
of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation, 125, 249–259.
Henry, H.-P., & Maurin, H. (1999). Les inventaires du patrimoine naturel en milieu urbain [The
inventories of the natural heritage in urban environments]. In B. Lizet, A.-E. Wolf, & J. Celecia
(Eds.), Sauvages dans la ville. De l’inventaire naturaliste à l’écologie urbaine [Wild in the city.
16 Ecological Roles of Railway Verges in Anthropogenic Landscapes …
273