List of Figures
Fig. 4.1
Ideal protocol for mitigating railway barrier effects . . . . . . . . . . 57
Fig. 6.1
Schematic drawing of a railway showing some measures
to minimize noise and vibration: rail fastenings; rail dampers;
under-sleepers pads and noise barriers (not at scale) . . . . . . . . . 89
Fig. 6.2
Spatial responses of wildlife to railway disturbances:
the length of the white bars are proportional to the
distances up to which the railway has an effect on a given
taxon while short and black bars correspond to species
occurrence in the railway verges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Fig. 7.1
Location of the Sado estuary in Portugal (a), map
of the study area showing the location of the three sections
surveyed for bird mortality in the Variante de Alcácer”
railway line (b), and detail of the section 1 crossing the Sado
river, with the location of the three bird counting points (c) . . . 106
Fig. 7.2
Photographs illustrating aspects of the study area. Upper
panel railway crossing rice fields (São Martinho stream);
middle panel bowstring railway bridge crossing the river
Sado; lower panel flock of flamingos flying close
to the Sado railway bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fig. 7.3
Monthly number of aquatic birds observed crossing the
railway bridge over the Sado River, between November 2012
and September 2013. Numbers are presented separately
for the three sampling points covering the main habitats
available in the area: North (forested areas); Central (river
and wetland habitats); South (forest and wetland habitats). . . . . 110
xxiii
Fig. 4.1
Ideal protocol for mitigating railway barrier effects . . . . . . . . . . 57
Fig. 6.1
Schematic drawing of a railway showing some measures
to minimize noise and vibration: rail fastenings; rail dampers;
under-sleepers pads and noise barriers (not at scale) . . . . . . . . . 89
Fig. 6.2
Spatial responses of wildlife to railway disturbances:
the length of the white bars are proportional to the
distances up to which the railway has an effect on a given
taxon while short and black bars correspond to species
occurrence in the railway verges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Fig. 7.1
Location of the Sado estuary in Portugal (a), map
of the study area showing the location of the three sections
surveyed for bird mortality in the Variante de Alcácer”
railway line (b), and detail of the section 1 crossing the Sado
river, with the location of the three bird counting points (c) . . . 106
Fig. 7.2
Photographs illustrating aspects of the study area. Upper
panel railway crossing rice fields (São Martinho stream);
middle panel bowstring railway bridge crossing the river
Sado; lower panel flock of flamingos flying close
to the Sado railway bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fig. 7.3
Monthly number of aquatic birds observed crossing the
railway bridge over the Sado River, between November 2012
and September 2013. Numbers are presented separately
for the three sampling points covering the main habitats
available in the area: North (forested areas); Central (river
and wetland habitats); South (forest and wetland habitats). . . . . 110
xxiii