Acknowledgements We thank the International Elephant Foundation, the primary agency that
funded this project; the Asian Nature Conservation Foundation for the work place and administration of the project; the Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, for office
space, Internet and report writing; the West Bengal Forest Department for permissions and help in
the field to carry out the study; the Indian Railways (North Frontier Railway) for permissions to
survey along the track; the Dooars Branch of the Indian Tea Association for permissions to survey
elephant paths within their tea gardens; and the Environmental System Research Institute for
providing online software as well as Arc GIS 10.3.1. We also thank Mr. Santosh Chhetri, Mr.
Sapwan Chhetri, Mr. Sushil Manger, Mr. Rabin Chhetri, Mr Ratua Oran, Mr. Rohit Munda and
Mr. Bikash Kairala for their help in the field, often under difficult conditions.
References
Andersen, R., Wiseth, B., Pedersen, P. H., & Jaren, V. (1991). Moose–train collisions: Effects of
environmental conditions. Alces, 27, 79–84.
Ando, C. (2003). The relationship between deer–train casualties and daily activity of the sika deer,
Cervus nippon. Mammal Study, 28, 135–143.
Caughley, G., & Sinclair, A. R. E. (1994). Wildlife Ecology and Management. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell Science.
Child, K. N., Barry, S. P., & Aitken, D. A. (1991). Moose mortality on highways and railways in
British Columbia. Alces, 27, 41–49.
Chowdhury, A., & Menon, V. (2006). Conservation of Asian elephant in north-east India. Gajah,
25, 47–60.
Clarke, G. B., White, P. C. L., & Harris, S. (1998). Effects of roads on badger Meles meles
populations in south-west England. Biological Conservation, 86, 117–124.
Conover, M. R., Pitt, W. C., Kessler, K. K., Dubow, T. J., & Sanborn, W. A. (1995). Review of
human injuries, illnesses, and economic losses caused by wildlife in the United States. Wildlife
Bulletin, 23, 407–414.
Das, K. (2013). Man Elephant Conflict in Northern Bengal. Unpublished report to TERI
University. Retrieved on November 05, 2016, from http://www.teriuniversity.ac.in/mct/pdf/
assignment/Kalyan-Das.pdf
Dasgupta, S., & Ghosh, A. K. (2015). Elephant–railway conflict in a biodiversity hotspot:
Determinants and perceptions of the conflict in Northern West Bengal, India. Human
Dimensions of Wildlife, 20, 81–94.
Dorans, R. A. P., Kindel, A., Bager, A., & Freitas, S. R. (2012). Avaliação da mortalidade de
vertebrados em rodovias no Brasil. In A. BAGER (ed.), Ecologia de estradas: tendências e
pesquisas. Lavras: UFLA, pp. 139–152.
ESRI. (2014). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.3.1. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research
Institute.
Fahrig, L., Pedlar, J. H., Pope, S. E., Taylor, P. D., & Wegner, J. F. (1995). Effect of road traffic on
amphibian density. Biological Conservation, 73, 177–182.
Forman, R. T. T., & Deblinger, R. D. (2000). The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts
(USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology, 14, 36–46.
Formann, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H.,
et al. (2003) Road Ecology: Science and Solutions (481 p). Washington: Island Press.
Fahrig, L., France, R., Goldman, C. R., Heanue, K., & Jone, I. A. (2003) Road ecology: Science
and solutions (481 p). Washington: Island Press.
Ghosh, L. (2001). Tracking death. India today. Retrieved November 5, 2016 from, http://
indiatoday.intoday.in/story/railway-expansion-project-increases-threat-to-wildlife-in-bengalsanctuaries/1/232130.html)
174
M. Roy and R. Sukumar
funded this project; the Asian Nature Conservation Foundation for the work place and administration of the project; the Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, for office
space, Internet and report writing; the West Bengal Forest Department for permissions and help in
the field to carry out the study; the Indian Railways (North Frontier Railway) for permissions to
survey along the track; the Dooars Branch of the Indian Tea Association for permissions to survey
elephant paths within their tea gardens; and the Environmental System Research Institute for
providing online software as well as Arc GIS 10.3.1. We also thank Mr. Santosh Chhetri, Mr.
Sapwan Chhetri, Mr. Sushil Manger, Mr. Rabin Chhetri, Mr Ratua Oran, Mr. Rohit Munda and
Mr. Bikash Kairala for their help in the field, often under difficult conditions.
References
Andersen, R., Wiseth, B., Pedersen, P. H., & Jaren, V. (1991). Moose–train collisions: Effects of
environmental conditions. Alces, 27, 79–84.
Ando, C. (2003). The relationship between deer–train casualties and daily activity of the sika deer,
Cervus nippon. Mammal Study, 28, 135–143.
Caughley, G., & Sinclair, A. R. E. (1994). Wildlife Ecology and Management. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell Science.
Child, K. N., Barry, S. P., & Aitken, D. A. (1991). Moose mortality on highways and railways in
British Columbia. Alces, 27, 41–49.
Chowdhury, A., & Menon, V. (2006). Conservation of Asian elephant in north-east India. Gajah,
25, 47–60.
Clarke, G. B., White, P. C. L., & Harris, S. (1998). Effects of roads on badger Meles meles
populations in south-west England. Biological Conservation, 86, 117–124.
Conover, M. R., Pitt, W. C., Kessler, K. K., Dubow, T. J., & Sanborn, W. A. (1995). Review of
human injuries, illnesses, and economic losses caused by wildlife in the United States. Wildlife
Bulletin, 23, 407–414.
Das, K. (2013). Man Elephant Conflict in Northern Bengal. Unpublished report to TERI
University. Retrieved on November 05, 2016, from http://www.teriuniversity.ac.in/mct/pdf/
assignment/Kalyan-Das.pdf
Dasgupta, S., & Ghosh, A. K. (2015). Elephant–railway conflict in a biodiversity hotspot:
Determinants and perceptions of the conflict in Northern West Bengal, India. Human
Dimensions of Wildlife, 20, 81–94.
Dorans, R. A. P., Kindel, A., Bager, A., & Freitas, S. R. (2012). Avaliação da mortalidade de
vertebrados em rodovias no Brasil. In A. BAGER (ed.), Ecologia de estradas: tendências e
pesquisas. Lavras: UFLA, pp. 139–152.
ESRI. (2014). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.3.1. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research
Institute.
Fahrig, L., Pedlar, J. H., Pope, S. E., Taylor, P. D., & Wegner, J. F. (1995). Effect of road traffic on
amphibian density. Biological Conservation, 73, 177–182.
Forman, R. T. T., & Deblinger, R. D. (2000). The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts
(USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology, 14, 36–46.
Formann, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H.,
et al. (2003) Road Ecology: Science and Solutions (481 p). Washington: Island Press.
Fahrig, L., France, R., Goldman, C. R., Heanue, K., & Jone, I. A. (2003) Road ecology: Science
and solutions (481 p). Washington: Island Press.
Ghosh, L. (2001). Tracking death. India today. Retrieved November 5, 2016 from, http://
indiatoday.intoday.in/story/railway-expansion-project-increases-threat-to-wildlife-in-bengalsanctuaries/1/232130.html)
174
M. Roy and R. Sukumar