Banerjee, S., Carlin, B. P., & Gelfand, A. E. (2004). Hierarchical modeling and analysis for
spatial data. London: Chapman & Hall.
Bashore, T. L., Tzilkowski, W. M., & Bellis, E. D. (1985). Analysis of deer-vehicle collision sites
in Pennsylvania. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 49, 769–774.
Becker, E. F., & Grauvogel, C. A. (1991). Relationship of reduced train speed on moose-train
collisions in Alaska. Alces, 27, 161–168.
Bertch, B., & Gibeau, M. (2010a). Grizzly bear monitoring in and around the Mountain National
Parks: Mortalities and bear/human encounters 1980–2009. Parks Canada report.
Bertch, B., & Gibeau, M. (2010b). Black bear mortalities in the Mountain National Parks:
1990–2009. National Parks. Parks Canada report.
Bivand, R., Pebesma, E., & Gómez-Rubio, V. (2008). Applied spatial data analysis with R.
New York: Springer.
Chaney, R. (2011, April 28). Antelope roam west to Clinton. Missoulian.
Child, K. (1983). Railways and moose in the central interior of BC: A recurrent management
problem. Alces, 19, 118–135.
Child, K. (1991). Moose mortality on highways and railways in British Columbia. Alces, 27,
41–49.
Clevenger, A., Chruszcz, B., & Gunson, K. (2001). Highway mitigation fencing reduces
wildlife-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 646–653.
Clevenger, A., Chruszcz, B., & Gunson, K. (2003). Spatial patterns and factors influencing small
vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biological Conservation, 109, 15–26.
Clevenger, A. P., Ford, A. T., & Sawaya, M. A. (2009). Banff wildlife crossings project:
Integrating science and education in restoring population connectivity across transportation
corridors. Final report to Parks Canada Agency.
Davenport, J., & Davenport, J. L. (Eds.). (2006). The ecology of transportation: Managing
mobility for the environment. In Environmental pollution. Dordrecht: Springer.
Dorsey, P. B. (2011). Factors affecting bear and ungulate mortalities along the Canadian Pacific
Railroad through Banff and Yoho National Parks. MS thesis, Montana State University.
Elbroch, M. (2003). Mammal tracks and signs: A guide to North American species.
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
Finder, R. A., Roseberry, J. L., & Woolf, A. (1999). Site and landscape conditions at white-tailed
deer/vehicle collision locations in Illinois. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44, 77–85.
Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H.,
et al. (2003). Road ecology: Science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Grilo, C., Bissonette, J. A., Santos-Reis, M. (2009). Spatial–temporal patterns in Mediterranean
carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation. Biological Conservation, 142 (2009),
301–313.
Guisan, A., & Zimmermann, N. (2000). Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology.
Ecological Modelling, 135, 147–186.
Gundersen, H., Andreassen, H. P., & Storaas, T. (1998). Spatial and temporal correlates to
Norwegian moose-train collisions. Alces, 34, 385–394.
Gunson, K., Chruszcz, B., & Clevenger, A. (2006). What features of the landscape and highway
influence ungulate vehicle collisions in the watersheds of the Central Canadian Rocky
mountains: A fine-scale perspective? In K. Mcdermott, C. L. Irwin, & P. Garrett (Eds.),
Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on ecology and transportation
(pp. 545–556).
Holland, W. D., & Coen, G. M. (1983). Ecological (Biophysical) Land classification of Banff and
Jasper National Parks (Vol. 1), Edmonton, AB.
Hubbard, M., & Danielson, B. (2000). Factors influencing the location of deer-vehicle accidents in
Iowa. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 64, 707–713.
Huber, D., Kusak, J., & Frkovic, A. (1998). Traffic kills of brown bears in Gorski Kotar, Croatia.
Ursus, 10, 167–171.
9 Relative Risk and Variables Associated with Bear and Ungulate …
153
spatial data. London: Chapman & Hall.
Bashore, T. L., Tzilkowski, W. M., & Bellis, E. D. (1985). Analysis of deer-vehicle collision sites
in Pennsylvania. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 49, 769–774.
Becker, E. F., & Grauvogel, C. A. (1991). Relationship of reduced train speed on moose-train
collisions in Alaska. Alces, 27, 161–168.
Bertch, B., & Gibeau, M. (2010a). Grizzly bear monitoring in and around the Mountain National
Parks: Mortalities and bear/human encounters 1980–2009. Parks Canada report.
Bertch, B., & Gibeau, M. (2010b). Black bear mortalities in the Mountain National Parks:
1990–2009. National Parks. Parks Canada report.
Bivand, R., Pebesma, E., & Gómez-Rubio, V. (2008). Applied spatial data analysis with R.
New York: Springer.
Chaney, R. (2011, April 28). Antelope roam west to Clinton. Missoulian.
Child, K. (1983). Railways and moose in the central interior of BC: A recurrent management
problem. Alces, 19, 118–135.
Child, K. (1991). Moose mortality on highways and railways in British Columbia. Alces, 27,
41–49.
Clevenger, A., Chruszcz, B., & Gunson, K. (2001). Highway mitigation fencing reduces
wildlife-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 646–653.
Clevenger, A., Chruszcz, B., & Gunson, K. (2003). Spatial patterns and factors influencing small
vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biological Conservation, 109, 15–26.
Clevenger, A. P., Ford, A. T., & Sawaya, M. A. (2009). Banff wildlife crossings project:
Integrating science and education in restoring population connectivity across transportation
corridors. Final report to Parks Canada Agency.
Davenport, J., & Davenport, J. L. (Eds.). (2006). The ecology of transportation: Managing
mobility for the environment. In Environmental pollution. Dordrecht: Springer.
Dorsey, P. B. (2011). Factors affecting bear and ungulate mortalities along the Canadian Pacific
Railroad through Banff and Yoho National Parks. MS thesis, Montana State University.
Elbroch, M. (2003). Mammal tracks and signs: A guide to North American species.
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
Finder, R. A., Roseberry, J. L., & Woolf, A. (1999). Site and landscape conditions at white-tailed
deer/vehicle collision locations in Illinois. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44, 77–85.
Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H.,
et al. (2003). Road ecology: Science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Grilo, C., Bissonette, J. A., Santos-Reis, M. (2009). Spatial–temporal patterns in Mediterranean
carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation. Biological Conservation, 142 (2009),
301–313.
Guisan, A., & Zimmermann, N. (2000). Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology.
Ecological Modelling, 135, 147–186.
Gundersen, H., Andreassen, H. P., & Storaas, T. (1998). Spatial and temporal correlates to
Norwegian moose-train collisions. Alces, 34, 385–394.
Gunson, K., Chruszcz, B., & Clevenger, A. (2006). What features of the landscape and highway
influence ungulate vehicle collisions in the watersheds of the Central Canadian Rocky
mountains: A fine-scale perspective? In K. Mcdermott, C. L. Irwin, & P. Garrett (Eds.),
Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on ecology and transportation
(pp. 545–556).
Holland, W. D., & Coen, G. M. (1983). Ecological (Biophysical) Land classification of Banff and
Jasper National Parks (Vol. 1), Edmonton, AB.
Hubbard, M., & Danielson, B. (2000). Factors influencing the location of deer-vehicle accidents in
Iowa. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 64, 707–713.
Huber, D., Kusak, J., & Frkovic, A. (1998). Traffic kills of brown bears in Gorski Kotar, Croatia.
Ursus, 10, 167–171.
9 Relative Risk and Variables Associated with Bear and Ungulate …
153