characteristics. Overall, we suggest that further empirical studies are necessary on
other railways and covering a wider range of ecological conditions, to help draw
generalizations that can be useful for landscape planners and environmental
managers.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by Infraestruturas de Portugal with the contribution of the Portuguese Science Foundation through the doctoral Grants SFRH/BD/81602/2011
(Carlos Godinho) and SFRH/BD/87177/2012 (Pedro Salgueiro). Carlos Oliveira and José
Rebocho (REFER Manutenção) provided invaluable help during the mortality surveys.
References
Alves, J. A., Dias, M., Rocha, A., Barreto, B., Catry, T., Costa, H., et al. (2011). Monitorização das
populações de aves aquáticas dos estuários do Tejo, Sado e Guadiana. Relatório do ano de
2010. Anuário Ornitológico (SPEA), 8, 118–133.
Barrientos, R., Alonso, J. C., Ponce, C., & Palacin, C. (2011). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of
marked wire in reducing avian collisions with power lines. Conservation Biology, 25, 893–903.
Barrientos, R., Ponce, C., Palacin, C., Martín, C. A., Martín, B., & Alonso, J. C. (2012). Wire
marking results in a small but significant reduction in avian mortality at power lines: A BACI
designed study. PLoS ONE, 7, e32569.
Barrios, L., & Rodríguez, A. (2004). Behavioral and environmental correlates of soaring-bird
mortality at on-shore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 72–81.
Borda-de-Água, L., Grilo, C., & Pereira, H. M. (2014). Modeling the impact of road mortality on
barn owl (Tyto alba) populations using age-structured models. Ecological Modelling, 276, 29–
37.
Carrete, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Benítez, J. R., Lobón, M., & Donázar, J. A. (2009). Large scale
risk assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived
raptor. Biological Conservation, 142, 2954–2961.
Dias, M. P., Granadeiro, J. P., Lecoq, M., Santos, C. D., & Palmeirim, J. M. (2006). Distance to
high-tide roosts constrains the use of foraging areas by dunlins: Implications for the
management of estuarine wetlands. Biological Conservation, 131, 446–452.
Dorsey, B., Olsson, M., & Rew, L. J. (2015). Ecological effects of railways on wildlife. In R. van
der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 219–227). West
Sussex: Wiley.
Drewitt, A. L., & Langston, R. H. (2006). Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis, 148,
29–42.
Finlayson, C. M., Hollis, G. E., & Davis, T. J. (1992). Managing Mediterranean Wetlands and
Their Birds. IWRB Special Publication 20. Slimbridge: International Wetland Research
Bureau.
Heske, E. J. (2015). Blood on the tracks: Track mortality and scavenging rate in urban nature
preserves. Urban Naturalist, 4, 1–13.
Loss, S. R., Will, T., & Marra, P. P. (2015). Direct mortality of birds from anthropogenic causes.
Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 46, 99–120.
Lourenço, P. M., Groen, N., Hooijmeijer, J. C. E. W., & Piersma, T. (2009). The rice fields around
the estuaries of the Tejo and Sado are a critical stopover area for the globally near-threatened
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa l. limosa: Site description, international importance and
conservation proposals. Airo, 19, 19–26.
Lourenço, P. M., Silva, A., Santos, C. D., Miranda, A. C., Granadeiro, J. P., & Palmeirim, J. M.
(2008). The energetic importance of night foraging for waders wintering in a temperate estuary.
Acta Oecologica, 34, 122–129.
114
C. Godinho et al.
other railways and covering a wider range of ecological conditions, to help draw
generalizations that can be useful for landscape planners and environmental
managers.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by Infraestruturas de Portugal with the contribution of the Portuguese Science Foundation through the doctoral Grants SFRH/BD/81602/2011
(Carlos Godinho) and SFRH/BD/87177/2012 (Pedro Salgueiro). Carlos Oliveira and José
Rebocho (REFER Manutenção) provided invaluable help during the mortality surveys.
References
Alves, J. A., Dias, M., Rocha, A., Barreto, B., Catry, T., Costa, H., et al. (2011). Monitorização das
populações de aves aquáticas dos estuários do Tejo, Sado e Guadiana. Relatório do ano de
2010. Anuário Ornitológico (SPEA), 8, 118–133.
Barrientos, R., Alonso, J. C., Ponce, C., & Palacin, C. (2011). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of
marked wire in reducing avian collisions with power lines. Conservation Biology, 25, 893–903.
Barrientos, R., Ponce, C., Palacin, C., Martín, C. A., Martín, B., & Alonso, J. C. (2012). Wire
marking results in a small but significant reduction in avian mortality at power lines: A BACI
designed study. PLoS ONE, 7, e32569.
Barrios, L., & Rodríguez, A. (2004). Behavioral and environmental correlates of soaring-bird
mortality at on-shore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 72–81.
Borda-de-Água, L., Grilo, C., & Pereira, H. M. (2014). Modeling the impact of road mortality on
barn owl (Tyto alba) populations using age-structured models. Ecological Modelling, 276, 29–
37.
Carrete, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Benítez, J. R., Lobón, M., & Donázar, J. A. (2009). Large scale
risk assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived
raptor. Biological Conservation, 142, 2954–2961.
Dias, M. P., Granadeiro, J. P., Lecoq, M., Santos, C. D., & Palmeirim, J. M. (2006). Distance to
high-tide roosts constrains the use of foraging areas by dunlins: Implications for the
management of estuarine wetlands. Biological Conservation, 131, 446–452.
Dorsey, B., Olsson, M., & Rew, L. J. (2015). Ecological effects of railways on wildlife. In R. van
der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 219–227). West
Sussex: Wiley.
Drewitt, A. L., & Langston, R. H. (2006). Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis, 148,
29–42.
Finlayson, C. M., Hollis, G. E., & Davis, T. J. (1992). Managing Mediterranean Wetlands and
Their Birds. IWRB Special Publication 20. Slimbridge: International Wetland Research
Bureau.
Heske, E. J. (2015). Blood on the tracks: Track mortality and scavenging rate in urban nature
preserves. Urban Naturalist, 4, 1–13.
Loss, S. R., Will, T., & Marra, P. P. (2015). Direct mortality of birds from anthropogenic causes.
Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 46, 99–120.
Lourenço, P. M., Groen, N., Hooijmeijer, J. C. E. W., & Piersma, T. (2009). The rice fields around
the estuaries of the Tejo and Sado are a critical stopover area for the globally near-threatened
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa l. limosa: Site description, international importance and
conservation proposals. Airo, 19, 19–26.
Lourenço, P. M., Silva, A., Santos, C. D., Miranda, A. C., Granadeiro, J. P., & Palmeirim, J. M.
(2008). The energetic importance of night foraging for waders wintering in a temperate estuary.
Acta Oecologica, 34, 122–129.
114
C. Godinho et al.