activities. In Italy, ANPAR (National Association of Recycled Aggregates) reports
the recovery percentages about the portion of recycled aggregates: these secondary
materials are widely used in roadworks for substrates and fillings (almost 60% of
the total recycled in 2013); the remaining is used for pavements and backfilling
[11]. In Italy the use of recycled aggregates into new concrete production is not
widely practiced, due to the regulations (DM January 14, 2008). This regulation
indicates the maximum percentage use of recycled aggregates into new concrete,
compared to “concrete strength classes”. For example, concrete class C30/37 allows
a maximum 30% of inert derived from concrete or reinforced concrete waste.
Buildings demolition rubble are only allowed for non-structural concrete C8/10
[12]. In addition, the regulation imposes mandatory laboratory tests about aggregates compliance. Through interviews obtained, ANCE (National Association of
Builders) states that the tests are too expensive and require too much time.
Price is another point that obstructs the use of secondary materials in new
industrial products. A defining factor is transport costs. Secondary materials are, in
general, not much cheaper than primary resources and can even be more expensive.
The distances among natural aggregates buyers, suppliers, sellers and consumer
cannot be too large. Interviews evidence that the costs of transport could double for
every additional 30 kilometres travelled [9]. As a result, this characteristic makes
the markets for mineral CDW very local.
5 Policies and Incentives
Waste prevention and sustainable recovery strategy is achieved through a defined
legislative framework, favouring conditions for a sustainable management of CDW
among operators and consumers (designers, planning supervisors, public administration, construction companies). Overall policies that incentive the recycling and
recovery rate growth are related to waste disposal (landfill taxes) and exploitation of
natural resources reduction (aggregates levies or taxes). Each of these actions can
enhance price differences between recycled materials and virgin materials, towards
the economic attractiveness of secondary materials. The largest obstacles for recycling CDW is cheap availability of low cost raw materials. Therefore, there is not a
large economic incentive for business. A solution could be to increase (through
taxation) the price of raw material goods [13]. Aggregates levies or taxes is considered
more effective to make economically advantageous secondary materials. It concerns a
direct relation with the price of virgin aggregates, instead landfill taxes could implicate
illegal disposal risks [12]. The final report of Bio Intelligence Service [14] provides an
overview between the CDW tax rate and the percentage of CDW recycled. It shows
that there is no significant relationship between the tax rate and the amount of waste
recycled. To reduce significantly illegal traffic, Belgium (Flanders) introduced a
mandatory pre-demolition inventory of the types/quantities of materials present in
216
S. Giorgi et al.
the recovery percentages about the portion of recycled aggregates: these secondary
materials are widely used in roadworks for substrates and fillings (almost 60% of
the total recycled in 2013); the remaining is used for pavements and backfilling
[11]. In Italy the use of recycled aggregates into new concrete production is not
widely practiced, due to the regulations (DM January 14, 2008). This regulation
indicates the maximum percentage use of recycled aggregates into new concrete,
compared to “concrete strength classes”. For example, concrete class C30/37 allows
a maximum 30% of inert derived from concrete or reinforced concrete waste.
Buildings demolition rubble are only allowed for non-structural concrete C8/10
[12]. In addition, the regulation imposes mandatory laboratory tests about aggregates compliance. Through interviews obtained, ANCE (National Association of
Builders) states that the tests are too expensive and require too much time.
Price is another point that obstructs the use of secondary materials in new
industrial products. A defining factor is transport costs. Secondary materials are, in
general, not much cheaper than primary resources and can even be more expensive.
The distances among natural aggregates buyers, suppliers, sellers and consumer
cannot be too large. Interviews evidence that the costs of transport could double for
every additional 30 kilometres travelled [9]. As a result, this characteristic makes
the markets for mineral CDW very local.
5 Policies and Incentives
Waste prevention and sustainable recovery strategy is achieved through a defined
legislative framework, favouring conditions for a sustainable management of CDW
among operators and consumers (designers, planning supervisors, public administration, construction companies). Overall policies that incentive the recycling and
recovery rate growth are related to waste disposal (landfill taxes) and exploitation of
natural resources reduction (aggregates levies or taxes). Each of these actions can
enhance price differences between recycled materials and virgin materials, towards
the economic attractiveness of secondary materials. The largest obstacles for recycling CDW is cheap availability of low cost raw materials. Therefore, there is not a
large economic incentive for business. A solution could be to increase (through
taxation) the price of raw material goods [13]. Aggregates levies or taxes is considered
more effective to make economically advantageous secondary materials. It concerns a
direct relation with the price of virgin aggregates, instead landfill taxes could implicate
illegal disposal risks [12]. The final report of Bio Intelligence Service [14] provides an
overview between the CDW tax rate and the percentage of CDW recycled. It shows
that there is no significant relationship between the tax rate and the amount of waste
recycled. To reduce significantly illegal traffic, Belgium (Flanders) introduced a
mandatory pre-demolition inventory of the types/quantities of materials present in
216
S. Giorgi et al.