one with different recycling potential. Finally, the inclusion of excavated material
does not seem to be systematic in national reporting. As this flow represents a big
quantity in respect of the total amount in construction, demolition and excavation
waste (e.g. 80% in France): uncertainty about their inclusion in national CDW
statistic is a major source of doubt in the data on CDW. Data limitations make it
difficult and complex to compare the amount of waste made by the Member States,
and it is the first obstacle to identify efficient waste management.
3 Amount of Waste and Material Composition of Waste
The most recent data regarding the amount of waste production in EU-28 and each
Member States, is represented by Eurostat Data (Construction—Code F—that
includes general construction and specialized construction activities for buildings
and civil engineering works). According to the statistical data in EU-28, construction is the main activity that produces waste, contributing to 33.5% of the total
waste generated by all economic activities and households in 2014 in the EU-28.
The construction sector creates the biggest amount of waste followed by mining and
quarrying (29.8%), manufacturing (9.8%), households (8.1%) and energy (3.7%)
and other economic activities (15%) mainly including waste and water services and
services [8]. It is important to highlight that the value specified for the construction
sector includes the quantity of soil. On a European level, the 98% of CDW is
non-hazardous waste, that represents the percentage pointed out by WFD.
By observing the statistical data from Eurostat (Fig. 1), there are big differences
in total CDW yearly produced among the Member States: France (224 million
tons), Germany (199 million tons) and United Kingdom (119 million tons) are the
major producers of CDW, followed by Netherland (88 million tons) and Italy
(51 million tons). Greece (479 thousand tons), Latvia (453 thousand tons) and
Lithuania (425 thousand tons) are the minor producers.
From the total CDW generated, 51% is divided into soil waste and 32% mineral
waste. Metal waste is almost 2%, and wood waste around 1%. Other types of waste
(such as glass, paper and cardboard, rubber wastes) are less than 1%. The 13%
missing from the total CDW represents heterogeneous, mixed and undifferentiated
wastes. By making a comparison with other research data, it is shown that when
excluding the soil portion, 60–70% (by weight) of CDW is composed of concrete
and masonry, followed by minor percentages of asphalt, wood, metal, gypsum and
plastic [4]. Aggregates, therefore, are the largest amount of CDW. Asphalt constitutes another major share of the stream but it is usually treated separately, as this
fraction is largely collected unmixed with other CDW and it is often recovered
immediately on-site.
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does not seem to be systematic in national reporting. As this flow represents a big
quantity in respect of the total amount in construction, demolition and excavation
waste (e.g. 80% in France): uncertainty about their inclusion in national CDW
statistic is a major source of doubt in the data on CDW. Data limitations make it
difficult and complex to compare the amount of waste made by the Member States,
and it is the first obstacle to identify efficient waste management.
3 Amount of Waste and Material Composition of Waste
The most recent data regarding the amount of waste production in EU-28 and each
Member States, is represented by Eurostat Data (Construction—Code F—that
includes general construction and specialized construction activities for buildings
and civil engineering works). According to the statistical data in EU-28, construction is the main activity that produces waste, contributing to 33.5% of the total
waste generated by all economic activities and households in 2014 in the EU-28.
The construction sector creates the biggest amount of waste followed by mining and
quarrying (29.8%), manufacturing (9.8%), households (8.1%) and energy (3.7%)
and other economic activities (15%) mainly including waste and water services and
services [8]. It is important to highlight that the value specified for the construction
sector includes the quantity of soil. On a European level, the 98% of CDW is
non-hazardous waste, that represents the percentage pointed out by WFD.
By observing the statistical data from Eurostat (Fig. 1), there are big differences
in total CDW yearly produced among the Member States: France (224 million
tons), Germany (199 million tons) and United Kingdom (119 million tons) are the
major producers of CDW, followed by Netherland (88 million tons) and Italy
(51 million tons). Greece (479 thousand tons), Latvia (453 thousand tons) and
Lithuania (425 thousand tons) are the minor producers.
From the total CDW generated, 51% is divided into soil waste and 32% mineral
waste. Metal waste is almost 2%, and wood waste around 1%. Other types of waste
(such as glass, paper and cardboard, rubber wastes) are less than 1%. The 13%
missing from the total CDW represents heterogeneous, mixed and undifferentiated
wastes. By making a comparison with other research data, it is shown that when
excluding the soil portion, 60–70% (by weight) of CDW is composed of concrete
and masonry, followed by minor percentages of asphalt, wood, metal, gypsum and
plastic [4]. Aggregates, therefore, are the largest amount of CDW. Asphalt constitutes another major share of the stream but it is usually treated separately, as this
fraction is largely collected unmixed with other CDW and it is often recovered
immediately on-site.
Guidelines for Effective and Sustainable …
213