77
Most signifi cantly, the search misses many papers on urban metabolism – now seen
as central to urban IE – but also used in other fi elds; this will be addressed in a separate section below.
A few reoccurring themes can be observed within the Scopus-tracked papers in
the fi rst search. Starting with a paper by Robbins and Kumar (1999), several authors
discuss the application of industrial symbiosis with an exchange of residuals occurring broadly at a city scale (Cerceau et al. 2014 ; Liu and Chen 2013 ; Chen et al.
2012 ; Giurco et al. 2011 ; Van Berkel et al. 2009a , b ). Amongst these are two papers
by Pierre Desrochers which suggest that industrial symbiosis has a long history in
cities (Desrochers 2002 ; Desrochers and Leppälä 2010 ). A couple of papers analysing the use of biogas or sewage gas for transportation in Swedish cities might also
be considered examples of city-scale industrial symbiosis (Fallde and Eklund 2015 ;
Vernay et al. 2013 ). The topic of waste has been addressed in several papers, including work focussed on e-waste (Leigh et al. 2012 ), healthcare waste (Soares et al.
2013 ) and construction and demolition waste (Bohne et al. 2008 ), as well as cityspecifi c waste studies (Murphy and Pincetl 2013 ; Chertow and Eckelman 2009 ).
Urban infrastructure systems have been researched in both broad and narrow contexts. In a broad sense, several sustainable infrastructure or resource frameworks
have been published (Ramaswami et al. 2012a , b ; Hodson et al. 2012 ; Agudelo-Vera
et al. 2012 ). Narrower sector-specifi c infrastructure studies include those on water
systems, including drinking water, wastewater and storm water (Venkatesh 2013 ;
De Sousa et al. 2012 ; Venkatesh and Brattebø 2012 ; Kenway et al. 2011 ; Pasqualino
et al. 2011 ; Venkatesh et al. 2009 ). At least two papers have examined the historical
use of energy in cities (Reiter and Marique 2012 ; Baynes and Bai 2012 ). Also
related to energy, amongst other activities, is a large number of papers on greenhouse gas emissions for cities (Ramaswami et al. 2012a , b ; Mohareb and Kennedy
2012a , b ; Chavez et al. 2012 ; Sugar et al. 2012 ; Feng et al. 2012 ; Shi et al. 2012 ;
Bullock et al. 2011 ; Kraines et al. 2010 ; Lebel et al. 2007 ; VandeWeghe and
Kennedy 2007 ), although this is just a subset of a larger literature. Other contaminants featured include heavy metals (Batzias et al. 2011 ) and PBDEs (Vyzinkarova
and Brunner 2013 ). There is also a distinct grouping of papers on the theme of metals in cities, including urban mining (Kral et al. 2014 ; Zhang et al. 2012 ; Klinglmair
and Fellner 2010 ; Månsson et al. 2009 ; Drakonakis et al. 2007 ; Harper et al. 2006 ).
Similarly, several papers address stocks and fl ows of phosphorus in cities (Ma et al.
2013 ; Kalmykova et al. 2012 ; Li et al. 2012 ; Fu et al. 2012 ), while others have
addressed food more broadly (Broeze et al. 2011 ; Neset et al. 2006 ; Waggoner
2006 ). Over 200 papers on cities and IE are picked up in the fi rst Scopus search,
only a few of which have been mentioned here in order to demonstrate the dominant
themes of the literature.
Much of the recent upward trend in publications on IE and cities is due to papers
in the Journal of Industrial Ecology (JIE); it accounts in particular for the steps up
in publications in 2007 and 2012 (Fig. 4.1 ). The second search in Fig. 4.1 is for all
titles in the JIE for the keywords cities, city, urban or urbanization. In 2007, JIE had
a quasi special issue on Industrial Ecology and the Global Impacts of Cities , edited
by Xuemei Bai, with nine articles (picked up by the keyword search). Since then
4 Industrial Ecology and Cities
Most signifi cantly, the search misses many papers on urban metabolism – now seen
as central to urban IE – but also used in other fi elds; this will be addressed in a separate section below.
A few reoccurring themes can be observed within the Scopus-tracked papers in
the fi rst search. Starting with a paper by Robbins and Kumar (1999), several authors
discuss the application of industrial symbiosis with an exchange of residuals occurring broadly at a city scale (Cerceau et al. 2014 ; Liu and Chen 2013 ; Chen et al.
2012 ; Giurco et al. 2011 ; Van Berkel et al. 2009a , b ). Amongst these are two papers
by Pierre Desrochers which suggest that industrial symbiosis has a long history in
cities (Desrochers 2002 ; Desrochers and Leppälä 2010 ). A couple of papers analysing the use of biogas or sewage gas for transportation in Swedish cities might also
be considered examples of city-scale industrial symbiosis (Fallde and Eklund 2015 ;
Vernay et al. 2013 ). The topic of waste has been addressed in several papers, including work focussed on e-waste (Leigh et al. 2012 ), healthcare waste (Soares et al.
2013 ) and construction and demolition waste (Bohne et al. 2008 ), as well as cityspecifi c waste studies (Murphy and Pincetl 2013 ; Chertow and Eckelman 2009 ).
Urban infrastructure systems have been researched in both broad and narrow contexts. In a broad sense, several sustainable infrastructure or resource frameworks
have been published (Ramaswami et al. 2012a , b ; Hodson et al. 2012 ; Agudelo-Vera
et al. 2012 ). Narrower sector-specifi c infrastructure studies include those on water
systems, including drinking water, wastewater and storm water (Venkatesh 2013 ;
De Sousa et al. 2012 ; Venkatesh and Brattebø 2012 ; Kenway et al. 2011 ; Pasqualino
et al. 2011 ; Venkatesh et al. 2009 ). At least two papers have examined the historical
use of energy in cities (Reiter and Marique 2012 ; Baynes and Bai 2012 ). Also
related to energy, amongst other activities, is a large number of papers on greenhouse gas emissions for cities (Ramaswami et al. 2012a , b ; Mohareb and Kennedy
2012a , b ; Chavez et al. 2012 ; Sugar et al. 2012 ; Feng et al. 2012 ; Shi et al. 2012 ;
Bullock et al. 2011 ; Kraines et al. 2010 ; Lebel et al. 2007 ; VandeWeghe and
Kennedy 2007 ), although this is just a subset of a larger literature. Other contaminants featured include heavy metals (Batzias et al. 2011 ) and PBDEs (Vyzinkarova
and Brunner 2013 ). There is also a distinct grouping of papers on the theme of metals in cities, including urban mining (Kral et al. 2014 ; Zhang et al. 2012 ; Klinglmair
and Fellner 2010 ; Månsson et al. 2009 ; Drakonakis et al. 2007 ; Harper et al. 2006 ).
Similarly, several papers address stocks and fl ows of phosphorus in cities (Ma et al.
2013 ; Kalmykova et al. 2012 ; Li et al. 2012 ; Fu et al. 2012 ), while others have
addressed food more broadly (Broeze et al. 2011 ; Neset et al. 2006 ; Waggoner
2006 ). Over 200 papers on cities and IE are picked up in the fi rst Scopus search,
only a few of which have been mentioned here in order to demonstrate the dominant
themes of the literature.
Much of the recent upward trend in publications on IE and cities is due to papers
in the Journal of Industrial Ecology (JIE); it accounts in particular for the steps up
in publications in 2007 and 2012 (Fig. 4.1 ). The second search in Fig. 4.1 is for all
titles in the JIE for the keywords cities, city, urban or urbanization. In 2007, JIE had
a quasi special issue on Industrial Ecology and the Global Impacts of Cities , edited
by Xuemei Bai, with nine articles (picked up by the keyword search). Since then
4 Industrial Ecology and Cities