96
The fi rst experimentation happened in single-industry dominated, sector-specifi c
parks, such as chemicals, metals, and sugarcane, then in ETDAs and HTPs, and
fi nally in waste-recycling parks. Along with the spread of EIPs, industrial symbiosis
research also has become increasingly diverse in China . The early research mainly
focused on EIP conceptual frameworks motivated by industrial ecology metaphors,
planning methods/tools based on planning theories and frameworks, and symbiosis
system integration from system engineering perspectives. With more and more
cases arising, two additional academic communities joined in industrial symbiosis
research: environment and ecology and economics and management science. The
former mainly focused on win-win solutions, environmental performance evaluation, and formulation of EIP guidelines. The latter mainly focused on cost-benefi t
analysis, experience identifi cation, and case studies. More recently, research has
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
China
US
Australia
Denmark
Finland
UK
Japan
South Korea
Sweden
Netherlands
Canada
Germany
India
Thailand
Greece
Italy
Austria
Norway
Spain
Brazil
Europe
Portugal
Russia
Taiwan
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Egypt
Former Soviet Union
Iran
Latvia
Liberia
Mexico
Serbia
Singapore
South Africa
Switzerland
Turkey
Fig. 5.3 Countries featured in 286 academic papers on industrial symbiosis (out of total reviewed
of 391) from 1995 to 2014
M. Chertow and J. Park