16 Highlights and Lessons from the Implementation of an Early …
191
Fig. 16.3 The five stations of the EWS, arrows indicating the direction of the signal transfer.
Background: topographic map from the Austrian Alpenverein and the GLOF hazard map (from
Frey et al. 2014)
16.3.2 Monitoring and Warning Service (Implementation of
Stations and Sensors)
The monitoring and warning system installed in Carhuaz comprises the following
stations and sensors (Fig. 16.3):
A. Glacier and lake monitoring station at Laguna 513 (4491 m a.s.l.): four
geophones (devices that record ground movements due to avalanches on Laguna
513 and convert them into voltage) mounted in the bedrock and located close
to the station, measuring continuously and sending data every 5 s; additionally,
two cameras taking photos every 5 s during daylight hours: one oriented to the
face of Mt. Hualcán, the other to the dam of Laguna 513. The station receives the
signals from the geophones, the cameras and from the station at Pampa Shonquil,
stores them in a data logger and broadcast them to the repeater station.
B. Hydrometeorological monitoring station at Pampa Shonquil (3600 m a.s.l.):
it includes a pressure sensor installed in the Chucchún River for monitoring river
water level, as well as a meteorological station with sensors for measuring air
temperature and humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and solar radiation. It stores
the information in a data logger and sends the signal to the station at Laguna
513, since there is no direct view contact with the repeater station (C).
C. Repeater station (3189 m a.s.l.): for transferring the signal from the Laguna
513 station to the data center (D). It receives the signals from the station at
Laguna 513 and broadcast them to the data center in Carhuaz.
D. Data center, located in Carhuaz in the building of the municipality (2640
m a.s.l.): it receives all information collected by the monitoring stations in real
time. With this information, the mayor can take the decision to evacuate the
population. It consists of a receiving antenna, a screen with real-time data access,
and a server for data storage.
191
Fig. 16.3 The five stations of the EWS, arrows indicating the direction of the signal transfer.
Background: topographic map from the Austrian Alpenverein and the GLOF hazard map (from
Frey et al. 2014)
16.3.2 Monitoring and Warning Service (Implementation of
Stations and Sensors)
The monitoring and warning system installed in Carhuaz comprises the following
stations and sensors (Fig. 16.3):
A. Glacier and lake monitoring station at Laguna 513 (4491 m a.s.l.): four
geophones (devices that record ground movements due to avalanches on Laguna
513 and convert them into voltage) mounted in the bedrock and located close
to the station, measuring continuously and sending data every 5 s; additionally,
two cameras taking photos every 5 s during daylight hours: one oriented to the
face of Mt. Hualcán, the other to the dam of Laguna 513. The station receives the
signals from the geophones, the cameras and from the station at Pampa Shonquil,
stores them in a data logger and broadcast them to the repeater station.
B. Hydrometeorological monitoring station at Pampa Shonquil (3600 m a.s.l.):
it includes a pressure sensor installed in the Chucchún River for monitoring river
water level, as well as a meteorological station with sensors for measuring air
temperature and humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and solar radiation. It stores
the information in a data logger and sends the signal to the station at Laguna
513, since there is no direct view contact with the repeater station (C).
C. Repeater station (3189 m a.s.l.): for transferring the signal from the Laguna
513 station to the data center (D). It receives the signals from the station at
Laguna 513 and broadcast them to the data center in Carhuaz.
D. Data center, located in Carhuaz in the building of the municipality (2640
m a.s.l.): it receives all information collected by the monitoring stations in real
time. With this information, the mayor can take the decision to evacuate the
population. It consists of a receiving antenna, a screen with real-time data access,
and a server for data storage.