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M. Audouin and M. Finger
those must be implemented ex-post system-wide institutional reforms, and not preceding those. By implementing a technological solution “hastily”, public authorities
might indeed take the risk of delaying institutional changes at a system level, and
consequently not fully harvest the potential of the technological solution. Building
on Wright (2011), we thus think that for the case of Bogota, institutional changes
(regulation of pre-TransMilenio operating companies) should have been introduced
during the implementation of TransMilenio, and only after, the “Tu Llave” card
should have been introduced, to consolidate the whole and back-up the institutional
change introduced.
While we have seen in this paper that southern cities have some things to learn
from northern cities regarding the implementation of IoT solutions, it also seems
that southern cities might soon have some things to teach to northern cities. Indeed,
over the last decade, the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have
enabled, as much in the South than in the North, the development, mainly by the
private sector, of new mobility solutions, such as ride-booking, car-sharing, or carpooling, that might enable to reduce private car use, and ultimately tackle congestion
in urban areas (ITF 2017). Those new ICT-supported mobility solutions call for
the development of new rules and regulations and some southern cities have actually
been quite good at it. For example, innovative regulatory solutions developed towards
ride-booking in Sao Paulo (Audouin and Neves 2017), might well become quickly
inspirational for northern cities. Given those recent developments in urban mobility,
it seems entirely relevant to look at transferability of solutions not only from a North
to South perspective, but also from a South to North angle.
References
Allen, H. (2013). Bus reform in Seoul, Republic of Korea, in Global Report for human settlement
2013, UN-Habitat. http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013. Accessed October 8, 2015.
Ardila, A. (2004). Transit Planning in Curitiba and Bogotá: Roles in Interaction, Risk, and Change.
Ph.D. Dissertation. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Audouin, M., & Neves, C. (2017). What regulations for ICT-based mobility services in urban
transportation systems? The cases of ride-booking regulation in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment (Vol. 176). Southampton and Boston: WIT Press.
Audouin, M., Razaghi, M., & Finger, M. (2015). How Seoul used the ‘T-Money’ smart transportation card to re-plan the public transportation system of the city: Implications for governance of
innovation in urban public transportation systems. Paper Presented at the 8th TransIST Symposium in Istanbul, December 2015.
Bae, C. H., & Richardson, H. W. (2011). Regional and urban policy and planning on the Korean
Peninsula. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Blythe, P. T. (2004). Improving public transport ticketing through smart cards. Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 157(1), 47–54.
Bocarejo, J. P., Escobar, D., Hernandez, D. O., & Galarza, D. (2014). Accessibility analysis of
the integrated transit system of Bogota. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 24,
142–154.
M. Audouin and M. Finger
those must be implemented ex-post system-wide institutional reforms, and not preceding those. By implementing a technological solution “hastily”, public authorities
might indeed take the risk of delaying institutional changes at a system level, and
consequently not fully harvest the potential of the technological solution. Building
on Wright (2011), we thus think that for the case of Bogota, institutional changes
(regulation of pre-TransMilenio operating companies) should have been introduced
during the implementation of TransMilenio, and only after, the “Tu Llave” card
should have been introduced, to consolidate the whole and back-up the institutional
change introduced.
While we have seen in this paper that southern cities have some things to learn
from northern cities regarding the implementation of IoT solutions, it also seems
that southern cities might soon have some things to teach to northern cities. Indeed,
over the last decade, the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have
enabled, as much in the South than in the North, the development, mainly by the
private sector, of new mobility solutions, such as ride-booking, car-sharing, or carpooling, that might enable to reduce private car use, and ultimately tackle congestion
in urban areas (ITF 2017). Those new ICT-supported mobility solutions call for
the development of new rules and regulations and some southern cities have actually
been quite good at it. For example, innovative regulatory solutions developed towards
ride-booking in Sao Paulo (Audouin and Neves 2017), might well become quickly
inspirational for northern cities. Given those recent developments in urban mobility,
it seems entirely relevant to look at transferability of solutions not only from a North
to South perspective, but also from a South to North angle.
References
Allen, H. (2013). Bus reform in Seoul, Republic of Korea, in Global Report for human settlement
2013, UN-Habitat. http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013. Accessed October 8, 2015.
Ardila, A. (2004). Transit Planning in Curitiba and Bogotá: Roles in Interaction, Risk, and Change.
Ph.D. Dissertation. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Audouin, M., & Neves, C. (2017). What regulations for ICT-based mobility services in urban
transportation systems? The cases of ride-booking regulation in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment (Vol. 176). Southampton and Boston: WIT Press.
Audouin, M., Razaghi, M., & Finger, M. (2015). How Seoul used the ‘T-Money’ smart transportation card to re-plan the public transportation system of the city: Implications for governance of
innovation in urban public transportation systems. Paper Presented at the 8th TransIST Symposium in Istanbul, December 2015.
Bae, C. H., & Richardson, H. W. (2011). Regional and urban policy and planning on the Korean
Peninsula. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Blythe, P. T. (2004). Improving public transport ticketing through smart cards. Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 157(1), 47–54.
Bocarejo, J. P., Escobar, D., Hernandez, D. O., & Galarza, D. (2014). Accessibility analysis of
the integrated transit system of Bogota. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 24,
142–154.