194
Obbard RW, Sadri S, Wong YQ et al (2014) Global warming releases
microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth’s Future 2:315–
320. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000240
Osswald TA, Baur E, Brinkmann S et al (2006) International plastics
handbook. Hanser, München
Primpke S, Imhof H, Piehl S et al (2017a) Mikroplastik in der
Umwelt. Chem unserer Zeit 51:402–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/
ciuz.201700821
Primpke S, Lorenz C, Rascher-Friesenhausen R et al (2017b) An automated approach for microplastics analysis using focal plane array
(FPA) FTIR microscopy and image analysis. Anal Methods 9:1499–
1511. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02476A
Qiu Q, Tan Z, Wang J et al (2016) Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment.
Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 176:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecss.2016.04.012
Quinn B, Murphy F, Ewins C (2017) Validation of density separation for the rapid recovery of microplastics from sediment. Anal
Methods 9:1491–1498. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02542K
Reid PC, Colebrook JM, Matthews JBL et al (2003) The Continuous
Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from Plankton Indicator
to undulating recorders. Prog Oceanogr 58:117–173. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pocean.2003.08.002
Reisser J, Slat B, Noble K et al (2015) The vertical distribution of
buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic
Gyre. Biogeosciences 12:1249–1256. https://doi.org/10.5194/
bg-12-1249-2015
Ribeiro F, Garcia AR, Pereira BP et al (2017) Microplastics effects
in Scrobicularia plana. Mar Pollut Bull 122:379–391. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.078
Romeo T, Pietro B, Pedà C et al (2015) First evidence of presence of
plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean
Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 95:358–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2015.04.048
Santana MFM, Moreira FT, Turra A (2017) Trophic transference of
microplastics under a low exposure scenario: insights on the likelihood of particle cascading along marine food-webs. Mar Pollut Bull
121:154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.061
Setälä O, Fleming-Lehtinen V, Lehtiniemi M (2014) Ingestion and
transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ Pollut
185:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.013
Setälä O, Magnusson K, Lehtiniemi M et al (2016) Distribution and
abundance of surface water microlitter in the Baltic Sea: a comparison of two sampling methods. Mar Pollut Bull 110:177–183. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.065
Shim WJ, Song YK, Hong SH et al (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Mar Pollut Bull
113:469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049
Shim WJ, Hong SH, Eo SE (2017) Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review. Anal Methods 9:1384–1391. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C6AY02558G
Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M et al (2014) Large accumulation of
micro-sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer. Environ Sci Technol 48:9014–9021. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es501757s
Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M et al (2015) A comparison of microscopic
and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Mar Pollut Bull 93:202–209. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.015
Stolte A, Forster S, Gerdts G et al (2015) Microplastic concentrations
in beach sediments along the German Baltic coast. Mar Pollut Bull
99:216–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.022
Suhrhoff TJ, Scholz-Böttcher BM (2016) Qualitative impact of salinity,
UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics – a lab experiment. Mar Pollut Bull
102:84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.054
Sussarellu R, Suquet M, Thomas Y et al (2016) Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:2430–2435. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1519019113
Syberg K, Khan FR, Selck H et al (2015) Microplastics: addressing
ecological risk through lessons learned. Environ Toxicol Chem
34:945–953. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2914
Tagg AS, Sapp M, Harrison JP et al (2015) Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater using focal plane arraybased reflectance micro-FT-IR imaging. Anal Chem 87:6032–6040.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00495
Tagg AS, Harrison JP, Ju-Nam Y et al (2017) Fenton’s reagent for
the rapid and efficient isolation of microplastics from wastewater.
Chem Commun 53:372–375. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CC08798A
Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP et al (2004) Lost at sea: where
is all the plastic? Science 304:838. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1094559
Turra A, Manzano AB, Dias RJS et al (2014) Three-dimensional distribution of plastic pellets in sandy beaches: shifting paradigms. Sci
Rep 4:4435. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04435
Underwood AJ, Chapman MG, Browne MA (2017) Some problems
and practicalities in design and interpretation of samples of microplastic waste. Anal Methods 9:1332–1345. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6AY02641A
Van Cauwenberghe L, Claessens M, Vandegehuchte MB et al
(2013a) Assessment of marine debris on the Belgian Continental
Shelf. Mar Pollut Bull 73:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2013.05.026
Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J et al (2013b) Microplastic
pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environ Pollut 182:495–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.013
Van Cauwenberghe L, Claessens M, Vandegehuchte MB et al (2015)
Microplastics are taken up by mussels (Mytilus edulis) and lugworms (Arenicola marina) living in natural habitats. Environ Pollut
199:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.008
van Franeker JA, Blaize C, Danielsen J et al (2011) Monitoring plastic
ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North
Sea. Environ Pollut 159:2609–2615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2011.06.008
Vendel AL, Bessa F, Alves VEN et al (2017) Widespread microplastic ingestion by fish assemblages in tropical estuaries subjected to
anthropogenic pressures. Mar Pollut Bull 117:448–455. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.081
Vianello A, Boldrin A, Guerriero P et al (2013) Microplastic particles
in sediments of lagoon of Venice, Italy: first observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci
130:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022
Viršek MK, Palatinus A, Koren Š et al (2016) Protocol for microplastics sampling on the sea surface and sample analysis. J Vis Exp
118:55161. https://doi.org/10.3791/55161
von Moos N, Burkhardt-Holm P, Kohler A (2012) Uptake and effects of
microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis
L. after an experimental exposure. Environ Sci Technol 46:11327–
11335. https://doi.org/10.1021/es302332w
Wagner J, Wang Z-M, Ghosal S et al (2017) Novel method for the
extraction and identification of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish
gut matrices. Anal Methods 9:1479–1490. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6AY02396G
Wang Z-M, Wagner J, Ghosal S et al (2017) SEM/EDS and optical microscopy analyses of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish
guts. Sci Total Environ 603:616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2017.06.047
Ward EJ, Shumway SE (2004) Separating the grain from the chaff: particle selection in suspension- and deposit-feeding bivalves. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 300:83–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.03.002
T. Hamm et al.
Obbard RW, Sadri S, Wong YQ et al (2014) Global warming releases
microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth’s Future 2:315–
320. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000240
Osswald TA, Baur E, Brinkmann S et al (2006) International plastics
handbook. Hanser, München
Primpke S, Imhof H, Piehl S et al (2017a) Mikroplastik in der
Umwelt. Chem unserer Zeit 51:402–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/
ciuz.201700821
Primpke S, Lorenz C, Rascher-Friesenhausen R et al (2017b) An automated approach for microplastics analysis using focal plane array
(FPA) FTIR microscopy and image analysis. Anal Methods 9:1499–
1511. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02476A
Qiu Q, Tan Z, Wang J et al (2016) Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment.
Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 176:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecss.2016.04.012
Quinn B, Murphy F, Ewins C (2017) Validation of density separation for the rapid recovery of microplastics from sediment. Anal
Methods 9:1491–1498. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02542K
Reid PC, Colebrook JM, Matthews JBL et al (2003) The Continuous
Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from Plankton Indicator
to undulating recorders. Prog Oceanogr 58:117–173. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pocean.2003.08.002
Reisser J, Slat B, Noble K et al (2015) The vertical distribution of
buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic
Gyre. Biogeosciences 12:1249–1256. https://doi.org/10.5194/
bg-12-1249-2015
Ribeiro F, Garcia AR, Pereira BP et al (2017) Microplastics effects
in Scrobicularia plana. Mar Pollut Bull 122:379–391. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.078
Romeo T, Pietro B, Pedà C et al (2015) First evidence of presence of
plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean
Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 95:358–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2015.04.048
Santana MFM, Moreira FT, Turra A (2017) Trophic transference of
microplastics under a low exposure scenario: insights on the likelihood of particle cascading along marine food-webs. Mar Pollut Bull
121:154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.061
Setälä O, Fleming-Lehtinen V, Lehtiniemi M (2014) Ingestion and
transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ Pollut
185:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.013
Setälä O, Magnusson K, Lehtiniemi M et al (2016) Distribution and
abundance of surface water microlitter in the Baltic Sea: a comparison of two sampling methods. Mar Pollut Bull 110:177–183. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.065
Shim WJ, Song YK, Hong SH et al (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Mar Pollut Bull
113:469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049
Shim WJ, Hong SH, Eo SE (2017) Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review. Anal Methods 9:1384–1391. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C6AY02558G
Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M et al (2014) Large accumulation of
micro-sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer. Environ Sci Technol 48:9014–9021. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es501757s
Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M et al (2015) A comparison of microscopic
and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Mar Pollut Bull 93:202–209. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.015
Stolte A, Forster S, Gerdts G et al (2015) Microplastic concentrations
in beach sediments along the German Baltic coast. Mar Pollut Bull
99:216–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.022
Suhrhoff TJ, Scholz-Böttcher BM (2016) Qualitative impact of salinity,
UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics – a lab experiment. Mar Pollut Bull
102:84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.054
Sussarellu R, Suquet M, Thomas Y et al (2016) Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:2430–2435. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1519019113
Syberg K, Khan FR, Selck H et al (2015) Microplastics: addressing
ecological risk through lessons learned. Environ Toxicol Chem
34:945–953. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2914
Tagg AS, Sapp M, Harrison JP et al (2015) Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater using focal plane arraybased reflectance micro-FT-IR imaging. Anal Chem 87:6032–6040.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00495
Tagg AS, Harrison JP, Ju-Nam Y et al (2017) Fenton’s reagent for
the rapid and efficient isolation of microplastics from wastewater.
Chem Commun 53:372–375. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CC08798A
Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP et al (2004) Lost at sea: where
is all the plastic? Science 304:838. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1094559
Turra A, Manzano AB, Dias RJS et al (2014) Three-dimensional distribution of plastic pellets in sandy beaches: shifting paradigms. Sci
Rep 4:4435. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04435
Underwood AJ, Chapman MG, Browne MA (2017) Some problems
and practicalities in design and interpretation of samples of microplastic waste. Anal Methods 9:1332–1345. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6AY02641A
Van Cauwenberghe L, Claessens M, Vandegehuchte MB et al
(2013a) Assessment of marine debris on the Belgian Continental
Shelf. Mar Pollut Bull 73:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2013.05.026
Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J et al (2013b) Microplastic
pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environ Pollut 182:495–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.013
Van Cauwenberghe L, Claessens M, Vandegehuchte MB et al (2015)
Microplastics are taken up by mussels (Mytilus edulis) and lugworms (Arenicola marina) living in natural habitats. Environ Pollut
199:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.008
van Franeker JA, Blaize C, Danielsen J et al (2011) Monitoring plastic
ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North
Sea. Environ Pollut 159:2609–2615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2011.06.008
Vendel AL, Bessa F, Alves VEN et al (2017) Widespread microplastic ingestion by fish assemblages in tropical estuaries subjected to
anthropogenic pressures. Mar Pollut Bull 117:448–455. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.081
Vianello A, Boldrin A, Guerriero P et al (2013) Microplastic particles
in sediments of lagoon of Venice, Italy: first observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci
130:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022
Viršek MK, Palatinus A, Koren Š et al (2016) Protocol for microplastics sampling on the sea surface and sample analysis. J Vis Exp
118:55161. https://doi.org/10.3791/55161
von Moos N, Burkhardt-Holm P, Kohler A (2012) Uptake and effects of
microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis
L. after an experimental exposure. Environ Sci Technol 46:11327–
11335. https://doi.org/10.1021/es302332w
Wagner J, Wang Z-M, Ghosal S et al (2017) Novel method for the
extraction and identification of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish
gut matrices. Anal Methods 9:1479–1490. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6AY02396G
Wang Z-M, Wagner J, Ghosal S et al (2017) SEM/EDS and optical microscopy analyses of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish
guts. Sci Total Environ 603:616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2017.06.047
Ward EJ, Shumway SE (2004) Separating the grain from the chaff: particle selection in suspension- and deposit-feeding bivalves. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 300:83–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.03.002
T. Hamm et al.