166
Ricker WE (1963) Big effects from small causes: two examples from
fish population dynamics. J Fish Res Board Can 20:257–264.
https://doi.org/10.1139/f63-022
Rocha JC, Biggs R, Peterson G (2014a) Regime shifts: what are they
and why do they matter? Regime Shifts Database 20:681–697
Rocha JC, Biggs R, Peterson G (2014b) Regime shifts database. www.
regimeshifts.org
Rocha JC, Yletyinen J, Biggs R et al (2015) Marine regime shifts:
drivers and impacts on ecosystems services. Philos Trans R Soc B
370:20130273. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0273
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K et al (2009) A safe operating space for
humanity. Nature 461:472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a
Roe G (2009) Feedbacks, timescales, and seeing red. Annu Rev
Earth Planet Sci 37:93–115. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
earth.061008.134734
Scheffer M (2009) Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton
University Press, Princeton
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR (2003) Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends Ecol Evol 18:648–656.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Foley JA et al (2001) Catastrophic shifts in
ecosystems. Nature 413:591–596. https://doi.org/10.1038/35098000
Scheffer M, Bascompte J, Brock WA et al (2009) Early-warning signals
for critical transitions. Nature 461:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature08227
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Dakos V et al (2015) Generic indicators of
ecological resilience: inferring the change of a critical tranistion.
Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 46:145–167. https://doi.org/10.1146/
annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242
Selkoe KA, Blenckner T, Caldwell MR et al (2015) Principles for
managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points. Ecosyst Heal
Sustain 1:17. https://doi.org/10.1890/EHS14-0024.1
Standish RJ, Hobbs RJ, Mayfield MM et al (2014) Resilience in ecology: abstraction, distraction, or where the action is? Biol Conserv
177:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.008
Star B, Nederbragt AJ, Jentoft S et al (2011) The genome sequence of
Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature 477:207–210.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10342
Steneck RS, Wahle RA (2013) American lobster dynamics in a brave
new ocean. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 70:1612–1624. https://doi.
org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0094
Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ et al (2002) Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environ Conserv
29:436–459. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000322
Steneck RS, Leland A, Mcnaught DC et al (2013) Ecosystem flips,
locks, and feedbacks: the lasting effects of fisheries on Maine’s Kelp
Forest ecosystem. Bull Mar Sci 89:31–55. https://doi.org/10.5343/
bms.2011.1148
Sugihara G, May R, Ye H et al (2012) Detecting causality in complex ecosystems. Science 338:496–500. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1227079
Thom R (1975) Structural stability and morphogenesis: an outline of a
general theory of models. Benjamin Cummings Inc, Reading
Travis J, Coleman FC, Auster PJ et al (2014) Integrating the invisible
fabric of nature into fisheries management. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 111:581–584. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402460111
UNESCO (2012) Blueprint for the future we want, Oceans. http://www.
un.org/en/sustainablefuture/pdf/Rio+20_FS_Oceans.pdf
Valman M, Duit A, Blenckner T (2016) Organizational responsiveness: the case of unfolding crises and problem detection within
HELCOM. Mar Policy 70:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpol.2016.04.016
van der Maas HLJ, Kolstein R, van der Pligt J (2003) Sudden transitions in attitudes. Sociol Methods Res 32:125–152. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0049124103253773
Vasilakopoulos P, Marshall CT (2015) Resilience and tipping points
of an exploited fish population over six decades. Glob Chang Biol
21:1834–1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12845
Walters C, Kitchell JF (2001) Cultivation/depensation effects on
juvenile survival and recruitment: implications for the theory of
fishing. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:39–50. https://doi.org/10.1139/
cjfas-58-1-39
Yletyinen J, Bodin Ö, Weigel B et al (2016) Regime shifts in marine
communities: a complex systems perspective on food web
dynamics. Proc R Soc B 283:20152569. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rspb.2015.2569
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link
to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included
in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise
in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
C. Sguotti and X. Cormon
Ricker WE (1963) Big effects from small causes: two examples from
fish population dynamics. J Fish Res Board Can 20:257–264.
https://doi.org/10.1139/f63-022
Rocha JC, Biggs R, Peterson G (2014a) Regime shifts: what are they
and why do they matter? Regime Shifts Database 20:681–697
Rocha JC, Biggs R, Peterson G (2014b) Regime shifts database. www.
regimeshifts.org
Rocha JC, Yletyinen J, Biggs R et al (2015) Marine regime shifts:
drivers and impacts on ecosystems services. Philos Trans R Soc B
370:20130273. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0273
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K et al (2009) A safe operating space for
humanity. Nature 461:472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a
Roe G (2009) Feedbacks, timescales, and seeing red. Annu Rev
Earth Planet Sci 37:93–115. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
earth.061008.134734
Scheffer M (2009) Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton
University Press, Princeton
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR (2003) Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends Ecol Evol 18:648–656.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Foley JA et al (2001) Catastrophic shifts in
ecosystems. Nature 413:591–596. https://doi.org/10.1038/35098000
Scheffer M, Bascompte J, Brock WA et al (2009) Early-warning signals
for critical transitions. Nature 461:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature08227
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Dakos V et al (2015) Generic indicators of
ecological resilience: inferring the change of a critical tranistion.
Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 46:145–167. https://doi.org/10.1146/
annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242
Selkoe KA, Blenckner T, Caldwell MR et al (2015) Principles for
managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points. Ecosyst Heal
Sustain 1:17. https://doi.org/10.1890/EHS14-0024.1
Standish RJ, Hobbs RJ, Mayfield MM et al (2014) Resilience in ecology: abstraction, distraction, or where the action is? Biol Conserv
177:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.008
Star B, Nederbragt AJ, Jentoft S et al (2011) The genome sequence of
Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature 477:207–210.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10342
Steneck RS, Wahle RA (2013) American lobster dynamics in a brave
new ocean. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 70:1612–1624. https://doi.
org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0094
Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ et al (2002) Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environ Conserv
29:436–459. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000322
Steneck RS, Leland A, Mcnaught DC et al (2013) Ecosystem flips,
locks, and feedbacks: the lasting effects of fisheries on Maine’s Kelp
Forest ecosystem. Bull Mar Sci 89:31–55. https://doi.org/10.5343/
bms.2011.1148
Sugihara G, May R, Ye H et al (2012) Detecting causality in complex ecosystems. Science 338:496–500. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1227079
Thom R (1975) Structural stability and morphogenesis: an outline of a
general theory of models. Benjamin Cummings Inc, Reading
Travis J, Coleman FC, Auster PJ et al (2014) Integrating the invisible
fabric of nature into fisheries management. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 111:581–584. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402460111
UNESCO (2012) Blueprint for the future we want, Oceans. http://www.
un.org/en/sustainablefuture/pdf/Rio+20_FS_Oceans.pdf
Valman M, Duit A, Blenckner T (2016) Organizational responsiveness: the case of unfolding crises and problem detection within
HELCOM. Mar Policy 70:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpol.2016.04.016
van der Maas HLJ, Kolstein R, van der Pligt J (2003) Sudden transitions in attitudes. Sociol Methods Res 32:125–152. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0049124103253773
Vasilakopoulos P, Marshall CT (2015) Resilience and tipping points
of an exploited fish population over six decades. Glob Chang Biol
21:1834–1847. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12845
Walters C, Kitchell JF (2001) Cultivation/depensation effects on
juvenile survival and recruitment: implications for the theory of
fishing. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:39–50. https://doi.org/10.1139/
cjfas-58-1-39
Yletyinen J, Bodin Ö, Weigel B et al (2016) Regime shifts in marine
communities: a complex systems perspective on food web
dynamics. Proc R Soc B 283:20152569. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rspb.2015.2569
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link
to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included
in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise
in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
C. Sguotti and X. Cormon