110
be the vastness and open character of marine systems, which
require higher (technical) efforts and make it generally more
difficult to detect, investigate and manage marine invasions.
However, this discrepancy is reduced by a quickly growing
body of literature in recent years (Grosholz and Ruiz 1996;
Ruiz et al. 2000; Chan and Briski 2017).
Even though it is difficult to identify universal factors and
traits that lead to high invasion success due to its apparent
dependency on the individual conditions of each invasion
event (Sakai et al. 2001), some general patterns regularly
occur in this context. These include for example common
invasion pathways and vectors (Katsanevakis et al. 2013), as
well as anthropogenic alterations or perturbations of recipient habitats (Bax et al. 2000; Briggs 2012; Mineur et al.
2012). Additional factors are high ecological and physiological plasticity of successful invaders (Hänfling et al. 2011;
Parker et al. 2013; Tepolt and Somero 2014), and the general
nature of interactions between native and non-native as well
as among non-native species (Snyder and Evans 2006;
Johnson et al. 2009; Briggs 2010). This review aims to give
an introductory overview of important aspects of successful
marine invasions, including human impacts, species’ traits
and interactions, and invasion genetics. The second part of
this review copes with ecological and socio-economic consequences of marine invasions and their implications for policy
and management, and closes with an outlook on future
developments of the phenomenon under the perspectives of
ongoing global (esp. climate) change. For clarification purposes, a glossary defining the most important terms can be
found in Box 1.
Box 1: Glossary
Cryptogenic species:
(Crypt-Greek, kryptos, secret; -genic,
New Latin, genic, origin) as a species that
is not demonstrably
native or introduced
(Carlton 1996).
Dispersal pathway:
The combination of
processes and opportunities resulting in
the movement of
propagules from one
area
to
another,
including aspects of
the vectors involved,
features of the original and recipient environments, and the
nature and timing of
what exactly is moved
(Wilson et al. 2009).
Hybridization:
The interbreeding of
individuals of morphologically and presumably genetically
distinct populations,
regardless of the taxonomic status of such
populations
(Short
1969).
Native/indigenous/original: An organism occurring within its natural
past or present range
and dispersal potential
(organisms whose dispersal is independent
of human intervention) (Falk-Petersen
et al. 2006, modified
from IUCN 2000).
Non-native/alien/exo-tic/
foreign/intro-duced/
non-indigenous:
An organism occurring outside its natural
past or present range
and dispersal potential
including any parts of
the organism that
might survive and
subsequently reproduce
(organisms
whose dispersal is
caused by human
action) (Falk-Petersen
et al. 2006, modified
from IUCN 2000).
Vector:
The physical means or
agent by which a species is transported,
such as ballast water,
ships’ hulls, boats, hiking boats, cars, vehicles, packing material,
or soil in nursery stock
(Carlton 2001).
J. C. Geburzi and M. L. McCarthy
be the vastness and open character of marine systems, which
require higher (technical) efforts and make it generally more
difficult to detect, investigate and manage marine invasions.
However, this discrepancy is reduced by a quickly growing
body of literature in recent years (Grosholz and Ruiz 1996;
Ruiz et al. 2000; Chan and Briski 2017).
Even though it is difficult to identify universal factors and
traits that lead to high invasion success due to its apparent
dependency on the individual conditions of each invasion
event (Sakai et al. 2001), some general patterns regularly
occur in this context. These include for example common
invasion pathways and vectors (Katsanevakis et al. 2013), as
well as anthropogenic alterations or perturbations of recipient habitats (Bax et al. 2000; Briggs 2012; Mineur et al.
2012). Additional factors are high ecological and physiological plasticity of successful invaders (Hänfling et al. 2011;
Parker et al. 2013; Tepolt and Somero 2014), and the general
nature of interactions between native and non-native as well
as among non-native species (Snyder and Evans 2006;
Johnson et al. 2009; Briggs 2010). This review aims to give
an introductory overview of important aspects of successful
marine invasions, including human impacts, species’ traits
and interactions, and invasion genetics. The second part of
this review copes with ecological and socio-economic consequences of marine invasions and their implications for policy
and management, and closes with an outlook on future
developments of the phenomenon under the perspectives of
ongoing global (esp. climate) change. For clarification purposes, a glossary defining the most important terms can be
found in Box 1.
Box 1: Glossary
Cryptogenic species:
(Crypt-Greek, kryptos, secret; -genic,
New Latin, genic, origin) as a species that
is not demonstrably
native or introduced
(Carlton 1996).
Dispersal pathway:
The combination of
processes and opportunities resulting in
the movement of
propagules from one
area
to
another,
including aspects of
the vectors involved,
features of the original and recipient environments, and the
nature and timing of
what exactly is moved
(Wilson et al. 2009).
Hybridization:
The interbreeding of
individuals of morphologically and presumably genetically
distinct populations,
regardless of the taxonomic status of such
populations
(Short
1969).
Native/indigenous/original: An organism occurring within its natural
past or present range
and dispersal potential
(organisms whose dispersal is independent
of human intervention) (Falk-Petersen
et al. 2006, modified
from IUCN 2000).
Non-native/alien/exo-tic/
foreign/intro-duced/
non-indigenous:
An organism occurring outside its natural
past or present range
and dispersal potential
including any parts of
the organism that
might survive and
subsequently reproduce
(organisms
whose dispersal is
caused by human
action) (Falk-Petersen
et al. 2006, modified
from IUCN 2000).
Vector:
The physical means or
agent by which a species is transported,
such as ballast water,
ships’ hulls, boats, hiking boats, cars, vehicles, packing material,
or soil in nursery stock
(Carlton 2001).
J. C. Geburzi and M. L. McCarthy