83
In the calculation process, land transformation is separated into two parts: one is
the provision of stubbed land (clear-cutting of primary forest) and the other is the
production of palm fruit bunches at the farm level (direct emission). The former is
the transformation from tropical rain forest to intensive forest by clear-cutting, and
the latter is the transformation from intensive forest to intensive short rotation forest. Burning of the 20% of the biomass is supposed in clear-cutting. CO 2 emissions
from land transformation are counted in direct emissions from the stubbed land
provision process and direct emissions from the oil palm production process. The
percentages of peat soil in oil palm plantations in each province are taken from Koh
et al. (2011). CO 2 emissions from peat decomposition related to oil palm plantations
are based on Uryu et al. (2008).
The results are summarized as follows (Table 7.3): First, CO 2 emissions from
land transformation are larger than fossil CO 2 emissions even if peat land is not
considered. Second, if we introduce the percentages of peat land into the calculation, the values increase drastically. The values for West Sumatra and Riau increase
more than four times and for Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Jambi, and West Kalimantan
increase more than three times. CO 2 emissions from land transformation with considering peat land in West Kalimantan are more than eight times larger than fossil
CO 2 emissions. These results indicate the importance of regional land conditions in
the assessment.
Table 7.3 CO 2 emissions from land transformation to oil palm production in each region (kg CO 2 /
kg FFB)
CO 2 emissions from land transformation
Fossil CO 2 emissions
Case 1
Case 2
Case 1/Case 2
Borneo
West Kalimantan
0.861
0.289
3.0
0.165
Central Kalimantan
0.491
0.281
1.8
0.164
South Kalimantan
0.263
0.263
1.0
0.162
East Kalimantan
0.326
0.324
1.0
0.170
Sumatra
Aceh
0.705
0.293
2.4
0.166
North Sumatra
0.656
0.211
3.1
0.156
Riau
1.038
0.234
4.4
0.159
West Sumatra
1.417
0.287
4.9
0.165
Jambi
0.824
0.276
3.0
0.164
Bengkulu
1.061
0.289
3.7
0.165
South Sumatra
0.560
0.279
2.0
0.164
Lampung
0.712
0.298
2.4
0.167
Case 1: The percentage of peat soil is considered
Case 2: The percentage of peat soil is not considered
7 Land Use Change Impacts: National and Regional Scales
In the calculation process, land transformation is separated into two parts: one is
the provision of stubbed land (clear-cutting of primary forest) and the other is the
production of palm fruit bunches at the farm level (direct emission). The former is
the transformation from tropical rain forest to intensive forest by clear-cutting, and
the latter is the transformation from intensive forest to intensive short rotation forest. Burning of the 20% of the biomass is supposed in clear-cutting. CO 2 emissions
from land transformation are counted in direct emissions from the stubbed land
provision process and direct emissions from the oil palm production process. The
percentages of peat soil in oil palm plantations in each province are taken from Koh
et al. (2011). CO 2 emissions from peat decomposition related to oil palm plantations
are based on Uryu et al. (2008).
The results are summarized as follows (Table 7.3): First, CO 2 emissions from
land transformation are larger than fossil CO 2 emissions even if peat land is not
considered. Second, if we introduce the percentages of peat land into the calculation, the values increase drastically. The values for West Sumatra and Riau increase
more than four times and for Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Jambi, and West Kalimantan
increase more than three times. CO 2 emissions from land transformation with considering peat land in West Kalimantan are more than eight times larger than fossil
CO 2 emissions. These results indicate the importance of regional land conditions in
the assessment.
Table 7.3 CO 2 emissions from land transformation to oil palm production in each region (kg CO 2 /
kg FFB)
CO 2 emissions from land transformation
Fossil CO 2 emissions
Case 1
Case 2
Case 1/Case 2
Borneo
West Kalimantan
0.861
0.289
3.0
0.165
Central Kalimantan
0.491
0.281
1.8
0.164
South Kalimantan
0.263
0.263
1.0
0.162
East Kalimantan
0.326
0.324
1.0
0.170
Sumatra
Aceh
0.705
0.293
2.4
0.166
North Sumatra
0.656
0.211
3.1
0.156
Riau
1.038
0.234
4.4
0.159
West Sumatra
1.417
0.287
4.9
0.165
Jambi
0.824
0.276
3.0
0.164
Bengkulu
1.061
0.289
3.7
0.165
South Sumatra
0.560
0.279
2.0
0.164
Lampung
0.712
0.298
2.4
0.167
Case 1: The percentage of peat soil is considered
Case 2: The percentage of peat soil is not considered
7 Land Use Change Impacts: National and Regional Scales