255
Table 15.5 (continued)
Year
Net GHG
emissions
(g-CO2/MJ) Notes
Source
Sugarcane
ethanol
Fargione et al.
2008 17.9
g
Toyota Motor
Corporation and
Mizuho Information
and Research Institute
2008 14.8
Maximum case
h
14.5
Minimum case
h
EU directive 2009/28/
EC
2009 24.0
i
Ministry of Economy,
Trade, and Industry,
Japan
2010 32.7
Including shipping
from Brazil to
Japan
(13.9 g-CO2eq/MJ)
c, d
Sugar beet
ethanol
EU directive 2009/28/
EC
2009 40.0
i
Sweet
sorghum
ethanol
Xunmin et al.
2009 36.3
China
j
Wheat
ethanol
EU directive 2009/28/
EC
2009 70.0
Process fuel not
specified
i
44.0
Natural gas process
fuel in CHP plant
i
26.0
Straw gas process
fuel in CHP plant
i
Soybean
biodiesel
Hill et al.
2006 49.0
e
EU directive 2009/28/
EC
2009 58.0
i
Xunmin et al.
2009 41.9
China
j
Palm
biodiesel
Fargione et al.
2008 37.0
g
Toyota Motor
Corporation and
Mizuho Information
and Research Institute
2008 13.4
h
Yee et al.
2009 31.7
k
EU directive 2009/28/
EC
2009 68.0
Process not
specified
i
37.0
Process with
methane capture at
oil mill
i
Rapeseed
biodiesel
EU directive 2009/28/
EC
2009 52.0
i
Jatropha
biodiesel
Prueksakorn and
Gheewala
2005 16.5
l
Tobin and Fulford
2006 56.7
m
Xunmin et al.
2009 34.6
China
j
(continued)
15 National Strategy Options for Japan