138
to discuss which of the MA constituents of human well-being are directly
4
impacted
and through which mechanisms.
Figure 10.3 below depicts the linkages between ecosystem services and human
well-being in the context of biofuel production. For example, biofuel expansion
may increase access to fuel but also reduce access to food, hence affecting both
security and basic materials supporting livelihoods. Lastly, strategies and interventions such as land use planning can enhance the ecosystem and social benefits
resulting from the linkages between the four squares of Fig. 10.1. Examples of such
response measures are given in Sect. 10.6.
10.2.2 Impact on Ecosystem Services
10.2.2.1 Feedstock for Fuel (Provisioning Service)
Oil palm fruits are the main ecosystem service provided by areas converted for oil
palm production (Dislich et al. 2017). The palm oil derived from processing these
fruits can be used for the production of biodiesel through trans-esterification
4 Each of these issues affects indirectly all of the constituents of human well-being in the MA conceptual framework.
GLOBAL
REGIONAL
LOCAL
Human wellbeing and poverty
reduction
Indirect drivers of change
Ecosystem services
Direct drivers of change
Land use/cover change
Air and water pollution
Intensification of agricultural
activity
Introduction of alien species
Biofuel production/
combustion technologies
Strategies and interventions
Basic materials for a good life
Climate mitigation
Energy security concerns
Economic issues (e.g. rural
development, foreign
exchange savings, export
potential)
Health
Good social relations
Security
Freedom of choice/action
Provisioning (fuel,
food, fibre, water)
Supporting
Cultural
Regulating (climate,
clean air, erosion)
Fig. 10.2 MA conceptual framework related for palm oil diesel production/use (Gasparatos et al.
2011)
R. Moreno-Peñaranda et al.
to discuss which of the MA constituents of human well-being are directly
4
impacted
and through which mechanisms.
Figure 10.3 below depicts the linkages between ecosystem services and human
well-being in the context of biofuel production. For example, biofuel expansion
may increase access to fuel but also reduce access to food, hence affecting both
security and basic materials supporting livelihoods. Lastly, strategies and interventions such as land use planning can enhance the ecosystem and social benefits
resulting from the linkages between the four squares of Fig. 10.1. Examples of such
response measures are given in Sect. 10.6.
10.2.2 Impact on Ecosystem Services
10.2.2.1 Feedstock for Fuel (Provisioning Service)
Oil palm fruits are the main ecosystem service provided by areas converted for oil
palm production (Dislich et al. 2017). The palm oil derived from processing these
fruits can be used for the production of biodiesel through trans-esterification
4 Each of these issues affects indirectly all of the constituents of human well-being in the MA conceptual framework.
GLOBAL
REGIONAL
LOCAL
Human wellbeing and poverty
reduction
Indirect drivers of change
Ecosystem services
Direct drivers of change
Land use/cover change
Air and water pollution
Intensification of agricultural
activity
Introduction of alien species
Biofuel production/
combustion technologies
Strategies and interventions
Basic materials for a good life
Climate mitigation
Energy security concerns
Economic issues (e.g. rural
development, foreign
exchange savings, export
potential)
Health
Good social relations
Security
Freedom of choice/action
Provisioning (fuel,
food, fibre, water)
Supporting
Cultural
Regulating (climate,
clean air, erosion)
Fig. 10.2 MA conceptual framework related for palm oil diesel production/use (Gasparatos et al.
2011)
R. Moreno-Peñaranda et al.