319
mitigation actions should be undertaken on all planning levels: (1) protection within
the city structure of open spaces which can intensify air movement and remove heat,
(2) protection of all existing green areas inside the city which can reduce air temperature and heat stress as well as allow to the human organism to recuperate during
hot episodes, (3) when planning new estates and compartments the urbanists and
decision makers must remember about green areas and suffi cient open space
between buildings, (4) planting tree belts along streets to reduce surface heating,
(5) planting trees on squares and play areas for children and the elderly, (6) increase
the number of green roofs, terraces, balconies and facades, especially in the city
centre.
However, when planning new plants, the appropriate composition of species
must be considered. All plants of great allergernicity (Class 3) should be removed
as soon as possible and plants of moderate allergenicity (Class 2) are recommended
to be removed during the soonest area greenery remodelling and replaced with
low- or non-allergenic species (Class 0 or Class 1).
Examples of plant species suitable for greenery related UHI mitigation and
adaptation strategies in Warsaw:
Trees Maple, Hornbeam, Elder, Horse chestnut, Rowan, Acacia, Cherry plum,
Mountain pine, Spruce, Fir, European larch, female cultivars of Poplar, Ash and
Willow
Shrubs and Bushes Hedge cotoneaster, Boxwood, White dogwood, English dogwood, Border forsythia, Old-fashioned weigela, Staghorn sumac, Japanese quince,
Red barberry, Common hawthorn.
Climbing Plants (suitab le for Green Facades ) Common ivy, Five-leaved ivy,
Russian vine.
11.6 Adaptation Strategies
It is not possible to abolish the Urban Heat Island, and society must adapt to its
occurrence. In 2013, the Polish Ministry of Environment published a strategic adaptation agenda for climate change in Poland to the year 2020 (Ministerstwo
Środowiska 2013 ). There are several links to Urban Heat Island phenomenon when
considering adaptation of cities to climate change. Several adaptation actions were
also defi ned in the area of human health. Some of them refer to increased air temperature as well as to the increasing risk of allergies.
Taking into consideration action proposed in the adaptation agenda and the
results obtained within UHI project, the following adaptation activities are recommended in Warsaw and should be implemented by city authorities: (1) education of
all groups of society (city offi cers and decision makers, planners, architects, teachers and general population) about UHI phenomenon, its infl uence on quality of life
and mitigation possibilities, (2) incorporation of UHI monitoring and information
11 Urban Heat Island and Bioclimatic Comfort in Warsaw
mitigation actions should be undertaken on all planning levels: (1) protection within
the city structure of open spaces which can intensify air movement and remove heat,
(2) protection of all existing green areas inside the city which can reduce air temperature and heat stress as well as allow to the human organism to recuperate during
hot episodes, (3) when planning new estates and compartments the urbanists and
decision makers must remember about green areas and suffi cient open space
between buildings, (4) planting tree belts along streets to reduce surface heating,
(5) planting trees on squares and play areas for children and the elderly, (6) increase
the number of green roofs, terraces, balconies and facades, especially in the city
centre.
However, when planning new plants, the appropriate composition of species
must be considered. All plants of great allergernicity (Class 3) should be removed
as soon as possible and plants of moderate allergenicity (Class 2) are recommended
to be removed during the soonest area greenery remodelling and replaced with
low- or non-allergenic species (Class 0 or Class 1).
Examples of plant species suitable for greenery related UHI mitigation and
adaptation strategies in Warsaw:
Trees Maple, Hornbeam, Elder, Horse chestnut, Rowan, Acacia, Cherry plum,
Mountain pine, Spruce, Fir, European larch, female cultivars of Poplar, Ash and
Willow
Shrubs and Bushes Hedge cotoneaster, Boxwood, White dogwood, English dogwood, Border forsythia, Old-fashioned weigela, Staghorn sumac, Japanese quince,
Red barberry, Common hawthorn.
Climbing Plants (suitab le for Green Facades ) Common ivy, Five-leaved ivy,
Russian vine.
11.6 Adaptation Strategies
It is not possible to abolish the Urban Heat Island, and society must adapt to its
occurrence. In 2013, the Polish Ministry of Environment published a strategic adaptation agenda for climate change in Poland to the year 2020 (Ministerstwo
Środowiska 2013 ). There are several links to Urban Heat Island phenomenon when
considering adaptation of cities to climate change. Several adaptation actions were
also defi ned in the area of human health. Some of them refer to increased air temperature as well as to the increasing risk of allergies.
Taking into consideration action proposed in the adaptation agenda and the
results obtained within UHI project, the following adaptation activities are recommended in Warsaw and should be implemented by city authorities: (1) education of
all groups of society (city offi cers and decision makers, planners, architects, teachers and general population) about UHI phenomenon, its infl uence on quality of life
and mitigation possibilities, (2) incorporation of UHI monitoring and information
11 Urban Heat Island and Bioclimatic Comfort in Warsaw