252
8 On this subject, reference should be made, by way of example, to the numerous studies
conducted in the United States of America on the social and environmental costs of sprawl
since the 70s: Real Estate Research Corporation (1974), “The Costs of Sprawl” (US
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC); Ladd H. (1992), Population growth,
density, and the costs of providing public services, Urban Studies, 29; Carruthers J.,
Ulfarsson G.F. (2003), “Urban sprawl and the cost of public services”, Environment and
Planning B: Planning and Design, 30. In the case of Europe and Italy, the amount of
research is more restricted: Camagni R., et al. (2002), I costi collettivi della città dispersa,
Alinea, Firenze; Caperchione E. (2003), “Local Government accounting system reform in
Italy: A Critical Analysis”, Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial
Management, 15(1); Hortas-Rico M., Solé-Ollé A. (2008), “Does Urban Sprawl Increase
the Costs of Providing Local Public Services? Evidence From Spanish Municipalities”,
Urban Studies, 47(7); Travisi C.M., et al. (2009), “Impacts of urban sprawl and commuting: a modelling study for Italy”, Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3); Fregolent L., et
al. (2012), “La relazione tra i modelli di sviluppo urbano dispersi e i costi dei servizi pubblici: un’analisi panel”, in Cappellin R., Ferlaino F., Rizzi P. (editors), La città nell’economia
della conoscenza, Franco Angeli, Milan.
9 McCann B. (2000), Driven to spend. The Impact of Sprawl on Household Transportation
Expenses, Surface Trasportation Policy Project, Center for Neighborhood Technology.
10 McCann B., Ewing R. (2003), “Measuring the Health Effects of Sprawl: A National
Analysis of Physical Activity, Obesity, and Chronic Disease”, Smart Growth America and
Surface Transportation Policy Project, Sep., p. 1.
Research has highlighted the close relationship between low-density of
settlements and sprawl, as well as new needs, consumption and lifestyles
impose high-impact territorial choices with high land use rates.
A topic that over time has become important in research on the effects of
the sprawl is the one linked to the quantification of the collective
8 and social
costs related to mobility
9 and more recently, the health care costs that the
sprawl imposes. Some recent studies in fact highlight the connection between
a sprawl and the health of individuals: «The study, Relationship Between
Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity, found that people living in counties marked by sprawling development are likely to walk
less and weigh more than people who live in less sprawling counties. In addition, people in more sprawling counties are more likely to suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure)»
10 as well as the need to act, regulating and
limiting the development of sprawling so as to allow improvement the people's quality of life.
Research on the sprawl is also characterised by an approach which takes
ever more the form of planning and is ever more linked to identifying common tools, policies and measures that are primarily aimed at limiting land use.
The latter is considered the most evident criticality and the one with the larger
impact since it is associated with the erosion of natural, environmental and
(continued)
F. Musco et al.
8 On this subject, reference should be made, by way of example, to the numerous studies
conducted in the United States of America on the social and environmental costs of sprawl
since the 70s: Real Estate Research Corporation (1974), “The Costs of Sprawl” (US
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC); Ladd H. (1992), Population growth,
density, and the costs of providing public services, Urban Studies, 29; Carruthers J.,
Ulfarsson G.F. (2003), “Urban sprawl and the cost of public services”, Environment and
Planning B: Planning and Design, 30. In the case of Europe and Italy, the amount of
research is more restricted: Camagni R., et al. (2002), I costi collettivi della città dispersa,
Alinea, Firenze; Caperchione E. (2003), “Local Government accounting system reform in
Italy: A Critical Analysis”, Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial
Management, 15(1); Hortas-Rico M., Solé-Ollé A. (2008), “Does Urban Sprawl Increase
the Costs of Providing Local Public Services? Evidence From Spanish Municipalities”,
Urban Studies, 47(7); Travisi C.M., et al. (2009), “Impacts of urban sprawl and commuting: a modelling study for Italy”, Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3); Fregolent L., et
al. (2012), “La relazione tra i modelli di sviluppo urbano dispersi e i costi dei servizi pubblici: un’analisi panel”, in Cappellin R., Ferlaino F., Rizzi P. (editors), La città nell’economia
della conoscenza, Franco Angeli, Milan.
9 McCann B. (2000), Driven to spend. The Impact of Sprawl on Household Transportation
Expenses, Surface Trasportation Policy Project, Center for Neighborhood Technology.
10 McCann B., Ewing R. (2003), “Measuring the Health Effects of Sprawl: A National
Analysis of Physical Activity, Obesity, and Chronic Disease”, Smart Growth America and
Surface Transportation Policy Project, Sep., p. 1.
Research has highlighted the close relationship between low-density of
settlements and sprawl, as well as new needs, consumption and lifestyles
impose high-impact territorial choices with high land use rates.
A topic that over time has become important in research on the effects of
the sprawl is the one linked to the quantification of the collective
8 and social
costs related to mobility
9 and more recently, the health care costs that the
sprawl imposes. Some recent studies in fact highlight the connection between
a sprawl and the health of individuals: «The study, Relationship Between
Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity, found that people living in counties marked by sprawling development are likely to walk
less and weigh more than people who live in less sprawling counties. In addition, people in more sprawling counties are more likely to suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure)»
10 as well as the need to act, regulating and
limiting the development of sprawling so as to allow improvement the people's quality of life.
Research on the sprawl is also characterised by an approach which takes
ever more the form of planning and is ever more linked to identifying common tools, policies and measures that are primarily aimed at limiting land use.
The latter is considered the most evident criticality and the one with the larger
impact since it is associated with the erosion of natural, environmental and
(continued)
F. Musco et al.