xxix
Fig. 11.3
Aerial view of pilot areas: Koło housing estate (a),
Włodarzewska housing estate (b), Twarda district (c)
and Powsin reference station (d); yellow points indicate
sites of microclimatic measurements, the red points
indicate sites of permanent microclimatic
measurements .................................................................... 309
Fig. 11.4
The Ratio of Biologically Vital Areas (RBVA)
and the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of the pilot areas ............. 312
Fig. 11.5
The difference of the air temperature (Ta) and
heat stress index (UTCI) between pilot areas and
the Powsin reference point (a – morning hours,
b – midday hours) ............................................................. 312
Fig. 11.6
Land cover of Włodarzewska housing estate:
(a) – the present state, (b) – changes
in land cover proposed in scenario 1
(replacing 2 buildings by lawns and trees) ........................ 316
Fig. 11.7
Land cover of the Twarda district; (a) – present state,
(b) – changes in land cover proposed in scenario 1
(additional trees and permeable surfaces), (c) – changes
in land use proposed in scenario 2 (additional trees,
permeable surfaces and green roofs) ................................. 317
Fig. 11.8
Simulations of UHI-index (°C) made by
ENVI-Met software for 4 days of a year
representing winter, spring, summer and
autumn for Włodarzewska housing estate (a)
and Twarda district (b) ....................................................... 318
Fig. 12.1
Climate chart of Ljubljana showing
the urban heat island area .................................................. 324
Fig. 12.2
Mean hourly air temperature and wind speed
data in urban and rural station ........................................... 325
Fig. 12.3
Mean urban heat island intensity data ............................... 326
Fig. 12.4
Mean heat degree days (HDD) and cold degree
days (CDD) in the period 1980–2011 for Ljubljana .......... 327
Fig. 12.5
The frequency of occurrence of the top two percent
of the highest temperatures on build-up areas ................... 328
Fig. 12.6
Profiles of summer land surface temperatures
across Ljubljana, with indicated land use and
prominent orientation points. The location of
the profile is marked as a red line on Fig. 12.5,
but it extends beyond the boundaries of the figure ............ 329
Fig. 12.7
Print screen of the Urban heat island atlas.
Its user friendly interface enables users to
select between different layers, make profiles
across April (as below) and August temperatures
in Central Europe and zoom to UHI partner data .............. 330
List of Figures
Fig. 11.3
Aerial view of pilot areas: Koło housing estate (a),
Włodarzewska housing estate (b), Twarda district (c)
and Powsin reference station (d); yellow points indicate
sites of microclimatic measurements, the red points
indicate sites of permanent microclimatic
measurements .................................................................... 309
Fig. 11.4
The Ratio of Biologically Vital Areas (RBVA)
and the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of the pilot areas ............. 312
Fig. 11.5
The difference of the air temperature (Ta) and
heat stress index (UTCI) between pilot areas and
the Powsin reference point (a – morning hours,
b – midday hours) ............................................................. 312
Fig. 11.6
Land cover of Włodarzewska housing estate:
(a) – the present state, (b) – changes
in land cover proposed in scenario 1
(replacing 2 buildings by lawns and trees) ........................ 316
Fig. 11.7
Land cover of the Twarda district; (a) – present state,
(b) – changes in land cover proposed in scenario 1
(additional trees and permeable surfaces), (c) – changes
in land use proposed in scenario 2 (additional trees,
permeable surfaces and green roofs) ................................. 317
Fig. 11.8
Simulations of UHI-index (°C) made by
ENVI-Met software for 4 days of a year
representing winter, spring, summer and
autumn for Włodarzewska housing estate (a)
and Twarda district (b) ....................................................... 318
Fig. 12.1
Climate chart of Ljubljana showing
the urban heat island area .................................................. 324
Fig. 12.2
Mean hourly air temperature and wind speed
data in urban and rural station ........................................... 325
Fig. 12.3
Mean urban heat island intensity data ............................... 326
Fig. 12.4
Mean heat degree days (HDD) and cold degree
days (CDD) in the period 1980–2011 for Ljubljana .......... 327
Fig. 12.5
The frequency of occurrence of the top two percent
of the highest temperatures on build-up areas ................... 328
Fig. 12.6
Profiles of summer land surface temperatures
across Ljubljana, with indicated land use and
prominent orientation points. The location of
the profile is marked as a red line on Fig. 12.5,
but it extends beyond the boundaries of the figure ............ 329
Fig. 12.7
Print screen of the Urban heat island atlas.
Its user friendly interface enables users to
select between different layers, make profiles
across April (as below) and August temperatures
in Central Europe and zoom to UHI partner data .............. 330
List of Figures