field soils in Japan are at this P level, although the plant-available P level increases
under reducing conditions (Figs. 5.14 and 5.21). The active Al content in most paddy
field soils in Japan is much lower than those of mature Andisols. P management at a
P recovery rate of around 100% by the balance method can be sustainable.
For farmlands with low plant-available P and residual P, P recovery is low or
variable by both the balance and difference methods. The P recovery rate and the
relation between plant-available P in soil and total P uptake may vary with soil
properties and managements, properties of P fertilizers, application methods of P
fertilizers, properties of crop plants, and climatic conditions. P application methods
designed to improve P recovery are needed.
In uncultivated Andisols, the P concentration of soil water is so dilute that wild
plants concentrate P by an order of 10
3 (Lyu et al. 2016). Many plants obtain dilute P
from soil through a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza. On the other hand,
Brassica plant roots develop as if they were foraging P in Andisol with low plantavailable P (Nanzyo et al. 2002, 2004). Pelletized chicken or swine manure compost
(Fig. 6.35a) is suitable P fertilizer for the phosphorus-foraging root growth of the
Japanese radish in this case. Growth of the Japanese radish is normal, and the P
recovery rate is high. Brassica plants are not symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhiza.
Further readings for phosphorus in soil are Khasawneh et al. (1980), and Sims
and Shapley (2005).
References
Adachi K, Kajimo M, Zaizen Y, Igarashi Y (2013) Emission of spherical cesium-bearing particles
from an earyly stage of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Sci Rep 3:2554
Agus F, Tinning G (eds) (2008) International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management,
Proceedings ‘Lessons learned for agriculture and environmental restoration in the aftermath of
the 2004 tsunami, Bogor, Indonesia, 1–2 July 2008, pp 1–177
Amundson R, Berhe AA, Hopmans JW, Olson C, Sztein AE, Sparks DL (2015) Soil and human
security in the 21st century. Science 348:6235
Doner HE, Lynn CW (1989) Carbonate, halide, sulfate, and sulfide minerals. In: Dixon JB, Weed
SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn. SSSA, Madison, pp 279–330
Edixhoven JD, Gupta J, Savenije HHG (2014) Recent revisions of phosphate rock reserves and
resources: a critique. Earth Syst Dynam 5:491–507
Endo T, Yamamoto S, Honna T, Eneji AE (2002) Sodium-calcium exchange selectivity as
influenced by clay minerals and composition. Soil Sci 167:117–125
Ericksen J (2009) Soil sulfur cycling in temperate agricultural systems. Adv Agron 102:55–89
Evangelow VP, Phillips RE (2005) Cation exchange in soils. In: Chemical processes in soils, SSSA
book series, no.8. SSSA, Madison, pp 343–409
Evrard O, Chartin C, Onda Y, Lepage H, Cerdan O, Lefevre I, Ayrault S (2014) Renewed soil
erosion and remobilization of radioactive sediment in Fukushima coastal rivers after the 2013
typhoons. Sci Rep 4:4574
Geospacial Information Authority of Japan (2014) Extension site of distribution map of radiation
dose, etc. http://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng/
Green TH, Watson EB (1982) Crystallization of apatite in natural magmas under high pressure,
hydrous conditions, with particular reference to ‘orogenic’ rock series. Contrib Mineral Petrol
79:96–105
References
173
under reducing conditions (Figs. 5.14 and 5.21). The active Al content in most paddy
field soils in Japan is much lower than those of mature Andisols. P management at a
P recovery rate of around 100% by the balance method can be sustainable.
For farmlands with low plant-available P and residual P, P recovery is low or
variable by both the balance and difference methods. The P recovery rate and the
relation between plant-available P in soil and total P uptake may vary with soil
properties and managements, properties of P fertilizers, application methods of P
fertilizers, properties of crop plants, and climatic conditions. P application methods
designed to improve P recovery are needed.
In uncultivated Andisols, the P concentration of soil water is so dilute that wild
plants concentrate P by an order of 10
3 (Lyu et al. 2016). Many plants obtain dilute P
from soil through a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza. On the other hand,
Brassica plant roots develop as if they were foraging P in Andisol with low plantavailable P (Nanzyo et al. 2002, 2004). Pelletized chicken or swine manure compost
(Fig. 6.35a) is suitable P fertilizer for the phosphorus-foraging root growth of the
Japanese radish in this case. Growth of the Japanese radish is normal, and the P
recovery rate is high. Brassica plants are not symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhiza.
Further readings for phosphorus in soil are Khasawneh et al. (1980), and Sims
and Shapley (2005).
References
Adachi K, Kajimo M, Zaizen Y, Igarashi Y (2013) Emission of spherical cesium-bearing particles
from an earyly stage of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Sci Rep 3:2554
Agus F, Tinning G (eds) (2008) International Workshop on Post Tsunami Soil Management,
Proceedings ‘Lessons learned for agriculture and environmental restoration in the aftermath of
the 2004 tsunami, Bogor, Indonesia, 1–2 July 2008, pp 1–177
Amundson R, Berhe AA, Hopmans JW, Olson C, Sztein AE, Sparks DL (2015) Soil and human
security in the 21st century. Science 348:6235
Doner HE, Lynn CW (1989) Carbonate, halide, sulfate, and sulfide minerals. In: Dixon JB, Weed
SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn. SSSA, Madison, pp 279–330
Edixhoven JD, Gupta J, Savenije HHG (2014) Recent revisions of phosphate rock reserves and
resources: a critique. Earth Syst Dynam 5:491–507
Endo T, Yamamoto S, Honna T, Eneji AE (2002) Sodium-calcium exchange selectivity as
influenced by clay minerals and composition. Soil Sci 167:117–125
Ericksen J (2009) Soil sulfur cycling in temperate agricultural systems. Adv Agron 102:55–89
Evangelow VP, Phillips RE (2005) Cation exchange in soils. In: Chemical processes in soils, SSSA
book series, no.8. SSSA, Madison, pp 343–409
Evrard O, Chartin C, Onda Y, Lepage H, Cerdan O, Lefevre I, Ayrault S (2014) Renewed soil
erosion and remobilization of radioactive sediment in Fukushima coastal rivers after the 2013
typhoons. Sci Rep 4:4574
Geospacial Information Authority of Japan (2014) Extension site of distribution map of radiation
dose, etc. http://ramap.jmc.or.jp/map/eng/
Green TH, Watson EB (1982) Crystallization of apatite in natural magmas under high pressure,
hydrous conditions, with particular reference to ‘orogenic’ rock series. Contrib Mineral Petrol
79:96–105
References
173