-------------------- Ex. Na (cmol c kg -1 ) -----------------Jun. 15, 2011
Sep. 4, 2011
Jun. 24, 2012
)
m
c
(
h
t
p
e
D
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
2
4
0
2
4
0
2
4
a
b
c
Fig. 6.15 Changes in the vertical distribution of exchangeable Na
+ with time in the same three
pedons shown in Fig. 6.14. The uppermost tsunami deposit was removed artificially between
September 4, 2011, and June 24, 2012
Tsunami
deposit
(2011)
although
removed
Towada-a
tephra
(AD915)
Ap
Muck
Tsunami
deposit
(AD869)
a
b
d
c
Sand
Fig. 6.16 Geological records of huge tsunamis. (a) Soil profile inundated by the 2011 tsunami, (b,
c, and d) sand fractions of tsunami deposit (2011), Towada-a tephra (AD915), and tsunami deposit
(AD869), respectively
6.2 Effects of Tsunami on Soils
151