Contents
xiii
11 Forces in the Standard Model and Symmetries
77
11.1 Are the Weak Forces Also from Gauge Symmetry
Like the Electric Force?
79
11.2 Where Did Mass Come from?
80
11.3 Symmetries and Symmetry Breaking
81
11.4 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
82
11.5 Higgs Mechanism
82
11.6 The Theory of Strong Force
84
12 More Physics Beyond the Standard Model or the End of
Physics Now?
87
12.1 Future Colliders and New Physics
88
12.2 Non-Accelerator Probes of Physics Beyond the
Standard Model
89
13 Neutrinos Oscillate and Hence They Weigh
91
13.1
From Oscillating Swing to Oscillating Neutrino
91
13.2 Quantum Mechanics and Neutrino Oscillations
92
13.3 Detecting Neutrino Oscillations
93
13.4 Ray Davis and Catching of Solar Neutrinos
95
13.5 Super-Kamiokande Experiment
98
13.6 Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillation
100
13.7 Neutrino Oscillations Confirmed by Accelerator
and Reactor Neutrinos
102
13.8 Understanding the Sun Using Solar Neutrinos
103
14 What Have We Learned about Neutrinos from Neutrino
Oscillation Experiments?
107
14.1 Who Is Heavy and Who Is Light: Mass Ordering of
Neutrinos
107
14.2 Refraction of Neutrinos in Matter
110
14.3 Do Neutrinos Decay?
111
14.4 Long Distance Communication Using Neutrinos
112
14.5 Using Neutrinos for National Security Purpose
112
14.6 Worldwide Effort to a Fuller Understanding of
Neutrino Mass
113