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Contents
4.3 Leptons Have Their Own Marker Too: The Lepton
Number (L)
31
5 Forces That Keep the Universe Together
33
5.1
Gravity
33
5.2 Black Holes and Gravity
36
5.3 Electromagnetic Force
37
5.4 Nuclear Force
38
5.5 Weak Force
38
6 Forces Are Also Caused by Particles
43
6.1
Photon, Mesons, and Forces
43
6.2 Had the Force Strengths Been Different?
46
Part II
49
7 The Neutrino Is Born as an Idea
51
7.1
Missing Energy Puzzle in Beta Ray Emission
52
7.2 December Night Ball and Pauli Letter
53
8 From Idea to Reality: The Neutrino Story Unfolds in
Slow Motion
57
8.1
Fermi Theory of Beta Decay
58
8.2 Can the Neutrino Be Found?
59
9 The Neutrino is Discovered
63
9.1
How to Detect a Neutrino
63
9.2 From Hanford to Savanna River
64
9.3 The Years That Followed the Neutrino Discovery
65
9.4 More Neutrino Types Found
69
9.5 Charged Weak Force Comes Accompanied by
Neutral Weak Force
70
10 Standard Model of the Particles and Forces
71
10.1 How Charming was the Charm Quark?
71
10.2 The Quark Family and Their Interaction
73
10.3 Leptons and the Monogamous Neutrinos
75