Shahabuddin, Rahaman, Rehman, Ahmad, and Khan
24
being considered as joint transmission, which requires multi‐user linear precoding, and
dynamic cell selection, where data is transmitted from only one cell that is dynamically
selected.
1.7.1.3 Spectrum and Bandwidth Management
To meet the requirements of IMT‐Advanced, as well as those of 3GPP operators, LTE‐
Advanced considers the use of bandwidths of up to 100 MHz in the following
spectrum bands:
● 450–470 MHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used globally for IMT systems);
● 698–862 MHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used in Region 22 and 9 countries of
Region 3);
● 790–862 MHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used in Regions 1 and 3);
● 2.3–2.4 GHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used globally for IMT systems);
● 3.4–4.2 GHz band (3.4–3.6 GHz identified in WRC‐07 to be used in a large number
of countries); and
● 4.4–4.99 GHz band.
1.7.1.4 Carrier Aggregation
In order to utilize the wider bandwidths of up to 100 MHz, a carrier aggregation scheme
is required. It is designed in such as way that it consists of several component carriers of
20 MHz bandwidths, so that the LTE‐Advanced devices can use greater amounts of data
by using several carriers. For example, in a contiguous band, the scenario of using the
component carriers for LTE and LTE‐Advanced is shown. Also, there are proposed
methods available for non‐contiguous method with single and multiband operation.
1.7.1.5 Relays
Relay is implemented in the LTE‐Advanced technology. The purpose of relaying is to
provide coverage in new areas, cell‐edge throughput, temporary network deployment,
high data rate coverage and group mobility. Also, there are more advantages such as cost
reduction, because it requires lower overhead costs than the eNB. The consumption of
transmission power can also be reduced by using relay when the location of the relay is
appropriate.
1.7.2 Network Architecture
In Release 8, 3GPP specified the rudiments and requirements of the EPS architecture that
will serve as a basis for the next‐generation networks. The disclaimers contain two major
work items, namely LTE and SAE, which led to the specification of the Evolved Packet
Core (EPC), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E‐UTRAN), and
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E‐UTRA). Each of those corresponds to the
core network, radio access network, and air interface of the whole system, respectively.
The EPS provides IP connectivity between a UE and an external packet data network
using E‐UTRAN. Figure 1.12 provides an overview of the EPC, other legacy Packet and
Circuit Switched elements and 3GPP RANs, along with the most important interfaces. In
the services network, only the Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) and the Home
Subscriber Server (HSS) are included, for simplicity [4,28].
24
being considered as joint transmission, which requires multi‐user linear precoding, and
dynamic cell selection, where data is transmitted from only one cell that is dynamically
selected.
1.7.1.3 Spectrum and Bandwidth Management
To meet the requirements of IMT‐Advanced, as well as those of 3GPP operators, LTE‐
Advanced considers the use of bandwidths of up to 100 MHz in the following
spectrum bands:
● 450–470 MHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used globally for IMT systems);
● 698–862 MHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used in Region 22 and 9 countries of
Region 3);
● 790–862 MHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used in Regions 1 and 3);
● 2.3–2.4 GHz band (identified in WRC‐07 to be used globally for IMT systems);
● 3.4–4.2 GHz band (3.4–3.6 GHz identified in WRC‐07 to be used in a large number
of countries); and
● 4.4–4.99 GHz band.
1.7.1.4 Carrier Aggregation
In order to utilize the wider bandwidths of up to 100 MHz, a carrier aggregation scheme
is required. It is designed in such as way that it consists of several component carriers of
20 MHz bandwidths, so that the LTE‐Advanced devices can use greater amounts of data
by using several carriers. For example, in a contiguous band, the scenario of using the
component carriers for LTE and LTE‐Advanced is shown. Also, there are proposed
methods available for non‐contiguous method with single and multiband operation.
1.7.1.5 Relays
Relay is implemented in the LTE‐Advanced technology. The purpose of relaying is to
provide coverage in new areas, cell‐edge throughput, temporary network deployment,
high data rate coverage and group mobility. Also, there are more advantages such as cost
reduction, because it requires lower overhead costs than the eNB. The consumption of
transmission power can also be reduced by using relay when the location of the relay is
appropriate.
1.7.2 Network Architecture
In Release 8, 3GPP specified the rudiments and requirements of the EPS architecture that
will serve as a basis for the next‐generation networks. The disclaimers contain two major
work items, namely LTE and SAE, which led to the specification of the Evolved Packet
Core (EPC), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E‐UTRAN), and
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E‐UTRA). Each of those corresponds to the
core network, radio access network, and air interface of the whole system, respectively.
The EPS provides IP connectivity between a UE and an external packet data network
using E‐UTRAN. Figure 1.12 provides an overview of the EPC, other legacy Packet and
Circuit Switched elements and 3GPP RANs, along with the most important interfaces. In
the services network, only the Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) and the Home
Subscriber Server (HSS) are included, for simplicity [4,28].