Evolution of Cellular Systems 17
1.5.4 HSPA
High‐speed packet access is shortend HSPA. There are two key enhancements combined by 3GPP to UMTS‐WCDMA, which are:
1) High‐Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), introduced in the Release 5 in
2002; and
2) High‐Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), which was available in Release 6 in 2004.
AT&T implemented the first HSDPA network, after which around 303 operators
from 130 countries worldwide deployed HSDPA. Mostly, the HSPA was deployed as an
upgrade of software to the existing UMTS systems [5].
According to internet usage patterns in the late 1990, the users demanded higher
speed of downloads. So UMTS evolution focused on improving the downlink. Later, the
HSDPA introduced a new downlink transport channel that was capable of providing
up to 14.4 Mbps theoretically. It is named the High‐Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS‐DSCH). Here the multiplexing technique was time division multiplexing with a
limited use of CDM. HSDPA consists of 16 Walsh codes, 15 of which were used for traffic; 5, 10 or 15 codes could be used for a single user to gain higher throughput. The
channel frame length was 2 ms, unlike WCDMA of frame length of 15, 20, 40 or 80 ms.
In practice, the user of HSDPA was able to obtain throughputs in the range of 500 kbps
to 2 Mbps.
1.5.5 Security in 3G
As mentioned above, 3rd generation cellular networks introduced services such as
video, audio and graphics applications. It also introduced video telephony and video
streaming via cellular networks communication. It was an attractive feature of mobile
cellular networks, when looking at the evolution it went through. Extrapolating from
the limitations of the 1st generation cellular networks, it was a landmark of sorts.
CDMA 2000 and UMTS CDMA came under the 3G umbrella [13].
3G or UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications), or in particular IMT‐2000,
provided a single compatible standard for cellular networks that could be used
worldwide for all mobile applications. It provided support for both packet‐switched and
circuit‐switched data communication. The security of CDMA 2000, and UMTS
WCDMA, is covered below.
1.5.6 Security in CDMA2000
The entities participating in the CDMA 2000 security include the home network, the
home location register and authentication center (HLR/AC), the serving network,
the visitor location register and the Mobile station controller/packet data serving
node (VLR and MSC/PDSN), the mobile subscriber (MS), and the user identity
module (UIM).
The authentication and key management (AKA) protocol used in CDMA 2000 is
the UMTS AKA mechanism described in the next section. The AKA procedure is
executed in two stages. The first stage involves transfer of security credentials (authentication vector, AV) from the home environment (HE) to the serving network (SN).
1.5.4 HSPA
High‐speed packet access is shortend HSPA. There are two key enhancements combined by 3GPP to UMTS‐WCDMA, which are:
1) High‐Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), introduced in the Release 5 in
2002; and
2) High‐Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), which was available in Release 6 in 2004.
AT&T implemented the first HSDPA network, after which around 303 operators
from 130 countries worldwide deployed HSDPA. Mostly, the HSPA was deployed as an
upgrade of software to the existing UMTS systems [5].
According to internet usage patterns in the late 1990, the users demanded higher
speed of downloads. So UMTS evolution focused on improving the downlink. Later, the
HSDPA introduced a new downlink transport channel that was capable of providing
up to 14.4 Mbps theoretically. It is named the High‐Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS‐DSCH). Here the multiplexing technique was time division multiplexing with a
limited use of CDM. HSDPA consists of 16 Walsh codes, 15 of which were used for traffic; 5, 10 or 15 codes could be used for a single user to gain higher throughput. The
channel frame length was 2 ms, unlike WCDMA of frame length of 15, 20, 40 or 80 ms.
In practice, the user of HSDPA was able to obtain throughputs in the range of 500 kbps
to 2 Mbps.
1.5.5 Security in 3G
As mentioned above, 3rd generation cellular networks introduced services such as
video, audio and graphics applications. It also introduced video telephony and video
streaming via cellular networks communication. It was an attractive feature of mobile
cellular networks, when looking at the evolution it went through. Extrapolating from
the limitations of the 1st generation cellular networks, it was a landmark of sorts.
CDMA 2000 and UMTS CDMA came under the 3G umbrella [13].
3G or UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications), or in particular IMT‐2000,
provided a single compatible standard for cellular networks that could be used
worldwide for all mobile applications. It provided support for both packet‐switched and
circuit‐switched data communication. The security of CDMA 2000, and UMTS
WCDMA, is covered below.
1.5.6 Security in CDMA2000
The entities participating in the CDMA 2000 security include the home network, the
home location register and authentication center (HLR/AC), the serving network,
the visitor location register and the Mobile station controller/packet data serving
node (VLR and MSC/PDSN), the mobile subscriber (MS), and the user identity
module (UIM).
The authentication and key management (AKA) protocol used in CDMA 2000 is
the UMTS AKA mechanism described in the next section. The AKA procedure is
executed in two stages. The first stage involves transfer of security credentials (authentication vector, AV) from the home environment (HE) to the serving network (SN).