Shahabuddin, Rahaman, Rehman, Ahmad, and Khan
6
manifestations of the same phenomenon. This discovery is of absolute importance,
because it led to the prediction that radio waves exist, which was a very significant finding for the development of wireless communication. In 1866, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was installed and operated by using the Morse code, with a speed of five
words per minute.
The first description of transmission of a wireless signal came in the form of a patent
by the American dentist Dr Mahlon Loomis, in 1866. It was the idea of the wireless
telegraph, from which he supposedly demonstrated the transmission of a wireless signal
between two mountains. In 1882, another patent appeared in terms of wireless signal
transmission, when American physicist Amos Emerson Dolbeam, transmitted a wireless signal using an induction coil, microphone, telephone receiver and a battery. In
1887, Hertz, a student of Helmholtz, sent and received wireless waves, using a spark
transmitter and a resonator receiver. In 1895, Morse coded wireless signals were
transmitted for more than over a mile by Guglielmo Marconi, and he carried out
successful reception of a Morse coded wireless signal in 1901, which was sent across the
Atlantic. In 1904, the patent of the diode came from J.A. Fleming. The triode amplifier
was patented in 1906 by Lee DeForest. In the same year, Fessenden transmitted the first
speech signal wirelessly. In 1907, the commercial Trans‐Atlantic wireless service was
started, which used huge ground stations. In 1915, wireless transmission of voice signals
was carried out between New York and San Francisco.
Marconi carried out other ground‐breaking and pioneering work in wireless communications by transmitting radio signals over long distances in 1920. Prior to that,
Marconi was already working on the concept of wireless telegraphy. The breakthrough
in his work came with his conclusion that if the height of the antenna could be raised,
then the range of radio signal transmission could be extended, which he developed
based on wireless telegraphy, where he grounded his transmitter and receiver. With
these improvements, he managed to transmit a signal over 2 miles. He discovered
short‐wave radio, with wavelengths between the 10 and 100 meters range.
In 1920, we had our first commercial radio broadcast. In 1921, the police car dispatch
radios came on the scene. In 1930, the television broadcast experiments were started by
the BBC. In 1935, the first telephone call was made around the world. World War II led
to rapid advancements in radio technology. In 1947, W. Tyrell proposed hybrid circuits
for microwaves, and H.E. Kallaman constructed the VSWR indictor meter. In 1955,
John R. Pierce proposed using satellites for communications. Sony marketed the first
transistor radio. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, which transmitted
telemetry signals for about five months. The carterfone was a device invented in 1968
by Thomas Carter, which connected a two‐way radio to the telephone system, letting
one person on the radio talk to another person on the phone.
1.3 First Generation Cellular Systems
The prime developers of the first generation (1G) cellular network were the United States,
Japan and some parts of Europe. It was based on analog modulation to provide voice
services. In 1979, commercial cellular systems were implemented by Nippon Telephone
and Telegraph Company (NTT) in Japan. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT‐400) is a
system developed in 1981 that supports international roaming and automatic handover.
6
manifestations of the same phenomenon. This discovery is of absolute importance,
because it led to the prediction that radio waves exist, which was a very significant finding for the development of wireless communication. In 1866, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was installed and operated by using the Morse code, with a speed of five
words per minute.
The first description of transmission of a wireless signal came in the form of a patent
by the American dentist Dr Mahlon Loomis, in 1866. It was the idea of the wireless
telegraph, from which he supposedly demonstrated the transmission of a wireless signal
between two mountains. In 1882, another patent appeared in terms of wireless signal
transmission, when American physicist Amos Emerson Dolbeam, transmitted a wireless signal using an induction coil, microphone, telephone receiver and a battery. In
1887, Hertz, a student of Helmholtz, sent and received wireless waves, using a spark
transmitter and a resonator receiver. In 1895, Morse coded wireless signals were
transmitted for more than over a mile by Guglielmo Marconi, and he carried out
successful reception of a Morse coded wireless signal in 1901, which was sent across the
Atlantic. In 1904, the patent of the diode came from J.A. Fleming. The triode amplifier
was patented in 1906 by Lee DeForest. In the same year, Fessenden transmitted the first
speech signal wirelessly. In 1907, the commercial Trans‐Atlantic wireless service was
started, which used huge ground stations. In 1915, wireless transmission of voice signals
was carried out between New York and San Francisco.
Marconi carried out other ground‐breaking and pioneering work in wireless communications by transmitting radio signals over long distances in 1920. Prior to that,
Marconi was already working on the concept of wireless telegraphy. The breakthrough
in his work came with his conclusion that if the height of the antenna could be raised,
then the range of radio signal transmission could be extended, which he developed
based on wireless telegraphy, where he grounded his transmitter and receiver. With
these improvements, he managed to transmit a signal over 2 miles. He discovered
short‐wave radio, with wavelengths between the 10 and 100 meters range.
In 1920, we had our first commercial radio broadcast. In 1921, the police car dispatch
radios came on the scene. In 1930, the television broadcast experiments were started by
the BBC. In 1935, the first telephone call was made around the world. World War II led
to rapid advancements in radio technology. In 1947, W. Tyrell proposed hybrid circuits
for microwaves, and H.E. Kallaman constructed the VSWR indictor meter. In 1955,
John R. Pierce proposed using satellites for communications. Sony marketed the first
transistor radio. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, which transmitted
telemetry signals for about five months. The carterfone was a device invented in 1968
by Thomas Carter, which connected a two‐way radio to the telephone system, letting
one person on the radio talk to another person on the phone.
1.3 First Generation Cellular Systems
The prime developers of the first generation (1G) cellular network were the United States,
Japan and some parts of Europe. It was based on analog modulation to provide voice
services. In 1979, commercial cellular systems were implemented by Nippon Telephone
and Telegraph Company (NTT) in Japan. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT‐400) is a
system developed in 1981 that supports international roaming and automatic handover.