Evolution of Cellular Systems 5
and unimaginative to consider this point in time as the final destination, because as far
as wireless communication is concerned, the sky is the limit, or even beyond [9].
Starting with the last two hundred years, say the year 1820, the Danish physicist Hans
Christian Ørsted, during one of his lectures noticed that when the current from a
battery was switched on and off, a compass needle showed the deflection. This observation led him to discover that an electric field creates a magnetic field; more particularly,
an electric current produces a circular magnetic field as it flows through a wire.
The connection between electricity and magnetism was of immense importance that
rapidly led to further developments. However, it is sometimes claimed that it was Gian
Domenico Romagnosi who discovered this connection around two decades before, but
the importance of this discovery cannot be considered insignificant. From the years 1823
to 1826, Dominique François Jean Arago, a French mathematician and physicist, discovered something called rotary magnetism, which was termed Arago’s rotation. In
simple words, he showed that a wire can become a magnet when current flows through it,
and that most bodies could be magnetized. These discoveries were further explained by
Michael Faraday later. André‐Marie Ampère, another French physicist and mathematician,
discovered electrodynamics. Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric
currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same
or opposite directions. Ampere’s initial plan was to gain more understanding between
electricity and magnetism, and this had led him to these discoveries.
Michael Faraday’s contributions are very significant in this journey, and he deserves
all the credit that we can give him. After Ørsted had discovered the phenomenon of
electromagnetism, it motivated many scientists to study this further, the efforts which
helped Ampere in his discoveries. Similar motivation led Michael Faraday to carry out
experiments, whereby he successfully managed to build two devices to produce
electromagnetic rotation. Not only did he discover electromagnetic induction, but also
predicted that electromagnetic forces extended the empty space around the conductor.
In simple words, he predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which proved to
be a true prediction later.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse, an American painter, invented the single‐wired telegraph
system. He was also a co‐developer of the Morse code. This discovery also became
possible because of the discovery of electromagnetism. The telegraph was important
because it was a first attempt to use electromagnetism in an effort to communicate. The
list of discoveries continued in the rest of the 19th century, and the German physiologist
and physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, worked on the phenomenon
of electrical oscillation in 1847, which in itself was not a major contribution, but led to
the major contribution by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, one of his students, who later demonstrated electromagnetic radiations. In 1853, William Thomson also contributed in the
form of calculating the period, damping and intensity, as the function of the capacity,
self‐inductance and resistance of an oscillatory circuit. Another proof of Helmholtz’s
work came from a discovery by Feddersen, who verified the resonant frequency of the
tuned circuit, which was suggested by Helmholtz earlier.
James Maxwell is a prominent and influential name in the progression of wireless
communication. He proved the existence of electromagnetic waves by formulating the
electromagnetic theory of light and developed the general equations of the electromagnetic field, known as Maxwell equations. The most significant aspect of his work was
that for the first time it was demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and also light are
and unimaginative to consider this point in time as the final destination, because as far
as wireless communication is concerned, the sky is the limit, or even beyond [9].
Starting with the last two hundred years, say the year 1820, the Danish physicist Hans
Christian Ørsted, during one of his lectures noticed that when the current from a
battery was switched on and off, a compass needle showed the deflection. This observation led him to discover that an electric field creates a magnetic field; more particularly,
an electric current produces a circular magnetic field as it flows through a wire.
The connection between electricity and magnetism was of immense importance that
rapidly led to further developments. However, it is sometimes claimed that it was Gian
Domenico Romagnosi who discovered this connection around two decades before, but
the importance of this discovery cannot be considered insignificant. From the years 1823
to 1826, Dominique François Jean Arago, a French mathematician and physicist, discovered something called rotary magnetism, which was termed Arago’s rotation. In
simple words, he showed that a wire can become a magnet when current flows through it,
and that most bodies could be magnetized. These discoveries were further explained by
Michael Faraday later. André‐Marie Ampère, another French physicist and mathematician,
discovered electrodynamics. Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric
currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same
or opposite directions. Ampere’s initial plan was to gain more understanding between
electricity and magnetism, and this had led him to these discoveries.
Michael Faraday’s contributions are very significant in this journey, and he deserves
all the credit that we can give him. After Ørsted had discovered the phenomenon of
electromagnetism, it motivated many scientists to study this further, the efforts which
helped Ampere in his discoveries. Similar motivation led Michael Faraday to carry out
experiments, whereby he successfully managed to build two devices to produce
electromagnetic rotation. Not only did he discover electromagnetic induction, but also
predicted that electromagnetic forces extended the empty space around the conductor.
In simple words, he predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which proved to
be a true prediction later.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse, an American painter, invented the single‐wired telegraph
system. He was also a co‐developer of the Morse code. This discovery also became
possible because of the discovery of electromagnetism. The telegraph was important
because it was a first attempt to use electromagnetism in an effort to communicate. The
list of discoveries continued in the rest of the 19th century, and the German physiologist
and physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, worked on the phenomenon
of electrical oscillation in 1847, which in itself was not a major contribution, but led to
the major contribution by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, one of his students, who later demonstrated electromagnetic radiations. In 1853, William Thomson also contributed in the
form of calculating the period, damping and intensity, as the function of the capacity,
self‐inductance and resistance of an oscillatory circuit. Another proof of Helmholtz’s
work came from a discovery by Feddersen, who verified the resonant frequency of the
tuned circuit, which was suggested by Helmholtz earlier.
James Maxwell is a prominent and influential name in the progression of wireless
communication. He proved the existence of electromagnetic waves by formulating the
electromagnetic theory of light and developed the general equations of the electromagnetic field, known as Maxwell equations. The most significant aspect of his work was
that for the first time it was demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and also light are