Table 13.1 Summary of main positioning technologies and their main positioning‐related features.
Technology
5G
Older
cellular (2G,
3G,4G)
GNSS
A‐GNSS
WiFi
BLE
UWB
Inertial sensors
and other sensors
(magnetic,
optical, etc.)
RFID
Outdoor
suitability
High
High
High
L ow
Low
L ow
Low; they work well
as complementary
system to some
other technology
Low
Indoor
suitability
High
M oderate
Low
High
High
High
M oderate
Moderate
Expected
accuracy
sub meter
t ens of
meters
few meters
(mass‐market)
and sub‐meter
(professional)
few meters
few meters cm
few meters
few meters
Expected
positioning
availability
99% both indoors
and outdoors
80–90%
outdoors
60–80%
indoors
99% outdoors
30–50% indoors
30–50%
outdoors
99% indoors
30–50%
outdoors
70–99%
indoors if
devices are
installed
20–50%
outdoors
70–99%
indoors if
devices are
installed
30–50% outdoors
70–90% indoors
0% outdoors
50–80%
indoors if
devices are
installed
Positioning
mechanisms
(see Section  13.3
for details)
TOA, TDOA,
AOA/DOA,
AGNSS, CGNSS
Cell‐ID,
TOA,
TDOA,
AOA
TOA
R SS, RTT
RSS, AOA TOA,
TDOA
dead reckoning, etc. RSS
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