Impact of Sugar Mill Effluent on the Quality of Groundwater …
49
4.9 Chloride
Chloride occurs in all-natural waters in widely varying concentrations. The chloride
contents normally increase as the mineral content increases (Dubey 2003). Chloride
concentrations ranged from 22.0 to 421.0 mg/l with an average value of 156.33 mg/l
(Fig. 2i). The chloride values exceeded the maximum limit (250 mg/l) prescribed
by BIS. At concentrations above 250 mg/l, the water acquires objectionable salty
taste. However, no adverse health effects on humans have been reported from the
intake of water containing the highest content of chloride (Pawar et al. 1998; Agale
et al. 2013). If the water with high chloride concentration is used for construction
purposes, this may corrode the concrete.
4.10 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the ability of the surface and groundwater to purify itself
through the biochemical process. However, temperature, pressure, and chemical
constituents may affect Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in water. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
in potable water has a crucial feature, since; it greatly influences the solubility of
metals, which are essential for biological life. DO values, in the study samples, are
found to be in the range of 5.80–8.29 mg/l, almost all samples within the permissible limit (4 ppm). The highest DO value of 8.29 mg/l is observed at station S9
whereas the lowest value of 5.80 mg/l is observed at station S3 in (Fig. 2j). (Avasan
and Rao 2001) observed that the DO of sugar mill ranged between and 2.0. (Reddy
et al. 2015) recorded dissolved oxygen range as 4.61–6.68 mg/l in the winter season.
4.11 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of
the organic matter in a water sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong
chemical oxidant, such as dichromate. The COD is widely used as a measure of the
susceptibility to oxidation of the organic and inorganic materials present in water
bodies and the effluents from sewage and industrial plants. The test for COD is nonspecific, in that it does not identify the oxidizable material or differentiate between
the organic and inorganic material present (Chapmanan and Kimstach 1996). The
Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration in the groundwater of the area varies from
145 to 265 mg/l. The higher concentration of COD is observed to be 265 mg/l at
station S10 whereas the lowest value of 145 mg/l is observed at station S1 in Table
2 and Fig. 2k.
49
4.9 Chloride
Chloride occurs in all-natural waters in widely varying concentrations. The chloride
contents normally increase as the mineral content increases (Dubey 2003). Chloride
concentrations ranged from 22.0 to 421.0 mg/l with an average value of 156.33 mg/l
(Fig. 2i). The chloride values exceeded the maximum limit (250 mg/l) prescribed
by BIS. At concentrations above 250 mg/l, the water acquires objectionable salty
taste. However, no adverse health effects on humans have been reported from the
intake of water containing the highest content of chloride (Pawar et al. 1998; Agale
et al. 2013). If the water with high chloride concentration is used for construction
purposes, this may corrode the concrete.
4.10 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the ability of the surface and groundwater to purify itself
through the biochemical process. However, temperature, pressure, and chemical
constituents may affect Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in water. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
in potable water has a crucial feature, since; it greatly influences the solubility of
metals, which are essential for biological life. DO values, in the study samples, are
found to be in the range of 5.80–8.29 mg/l, almost all samples within the permissible limit (4 ppm). The highest DO value of 8.29 mg/l is observed at station S9
whereas the lowest value of 5.80 mg/l is observed at station S3 in (Fig. 2j). (Avasan
and Rao 2001) observed that the DO of sugar mill ranged between and 2.0. (Reddy
et al. 2015) recorded dissolved oxygen range as 4.61–6.68 mg/l in the winter season.
4.11 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of
the organic matter in a water sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong
chemical oxidant, such as dichromate. The COD is widely used as a measure of the
susceptibility to oxidation of the organic and inorganic materials present in water
bodies and the effluents from sewage and industrial plants. The test for COD is nonspecific, in that it does not identify the oxidizable material or differentiate between
the organic and inorganic material present (Chapmanan and Kimstach 1996). The
Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration in the groundwater of the area varies from
145 to 265 mg/l. The higher concentration of COD is observed to be 265 mg/l at
station S10 whereas the lowest value of 145 mg/l is observed at station S1 in Table
2 and Fig. 2k.