48
A. Arivoli et al.
4.6 Total Suspended Solids (TDS)
Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) correspond to the
non-filterable and filterable residue, respectively. “Fixed solids” and “volatile solids”
correspond to the remainder after oven-drying, and to the loss after oven-drying at a
given temperature, respectively. The latter two determinations are now less frequently
carried out. Total suspended solids (TSS) values for all the groundwater samples are
recorded within the range of 500–1000 mg/l. The highest value of 1000 mg/l is
observed at station S1 whereas the lowest value of 500 mg/l is observed at station
S4 in Fig. 2f.
4.7 Total Alkalinity (TA)
Alkalinity is the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize a strong acid. The
alkalinity in the water is generally imparted by the salts of carbonates, silicates, etc.
together with the hydroxyl ions in a free state. Most of the natural waters contain
substantial amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide, which is the principal source of
alkalinity (Anwar and Vanita 2014). The alkalinity varies from 50 to 210 mg/l was
found above the permissible limit (200 mg/l) prescribed by BIS. The highest value
of 210 mg/l is observed at station S3 whereas the lowest value of 50 mg/l is observed
at station S6 in Fig. 2g.
4.8 Total Hardness (TH)
Total hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to the concentration of calcium
and magnesium in water and is usually expressed as the equivalent of CaCO 3 concentration (Anwar and Vanita 2014). In the study, the total hardness of the water samples
ranges between 156 to 496 mg/l of samples were found above the standard limit
(200 mg/l) prescribed by BIS. The highest value of 496 mg/l is observed at station
S10 whereas the lowest value of 156 mg/l is observed at station S1 in Fig. 2h. Hard
water is useful in the growth of children, if within the permissible limit. However, hard
water is a nuisance because of mineral buildup on fixtures and poor soap/detergent
performance. The high degree of hardness in the study area can be attributed to the
disposal of untreated, improperly treated sewage, and industrial wastes.
A. Arivoli et al.
4.6 Total Suspended Solids (TDS)
Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) correspond to the
non-filterable and filterable residue, respectively. “Fixed solids” and “volatile solids”
correspond to the remainder after oven-drying, and to the loss after oven-drying at a
given temperature, respectively. The latter two determinations are now less frequently
carried out. Total suspended solids (TSS) values for all the groundwater samples are
recorded within the range of 500–1000 mg/l. The highest value of 1000 mg/l is
observed at station S1 whereas the lowest value of 500 mg/l is observed at station
S4 in Fig. 2f.
4.7 Total Alkalinity (TA)
Alkalinity is the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize a strong acid. The
alkalinity in the water is generally imparted by the salts of carbonates, silicates, etc.
together with the hydroxyl ions in a free state. Most of the natural waters contain
substantial amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide, which is the principal source of
alkalinity (Anwar and Vanita 2014). The alkalinity varies from 50 to 210 mg/l was
found above the permissible limit (200 mg/l) prescribed by BIS. The highest value
of 210 mg/l is observed at station S3 whereas the lowest value of 50 mg/l is observed
at station S6 in Fig. 2g.
4.8 Total Hardness (TH)
Total hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to the concentration of calcium
and magnesium in water and is usually expressed as the equivalent of CaCO 3 concentration (Anwar and Vanita 2014). In the study, the total hardness of the water samples
ranges between 156 to 496 mg/l of samples were found above the standard limit
(200 mg/l) prescribed by BIS. The highest value of 496 mg/l is observed at station
S10 whereas the lowest value of 156 mg/l is observed at station S1 in Fig. 2h. Hard
water is useful in the growth of children, if within the permissible limit. However, hard
water is a nuisance because of mineral buildup on fixtures and poor soap/detergent
performance. The high degree of hardness in the study area can be attributed to the
disposal of untreated, improperly treated sewage, and industrial wastes.