Insights into the Status of Heavy Metal Resistant Rhizobacterial …
17
Table 1
Toxicity of heavy metals towards plants and plant-associated microbes under heavy metal stress
Metal
Source
Effects on plants
Effects on microbes Host plant
PGPR involved in
phytoremediation
References
Antimony
Soil erosion,
volcanic eruption,
coal combustion,
mining, smelting
Decrease synthesis of
some metabolites,
growth inhibition,
inhibit chlorophyll
synthesis
Inhibit enzyme
activities, reduced
growth rate
Not yet reported
Not yet reported
Blais et al. (2008)
and An et al. (2009)
Beryllium
Coal and oil
combustion,
volcanic dust
Inhibits seed
germination
Chromosomal
aberration, mutation
Not yet reported
Not yet reported
Finnegan et al.
(2012) and Bissen
et al. (2003)
Arsenic
Atmospheric
deposition, mining,
pesticides, rock
sedimentation,
smelting
Damage cell
membrane, inhibition
of growth, inhibits
roots extension and
proliferation,
interferes with critical
metabolic processes,
loss of fertility, yield
and fruit production,
oxidative stress,
physiological
disorders
Deactivation of
enzymes
Brassica nigra,
Brassica juncea
Microbacterium sp. CE3R2,
Curtobacterium sp. NM1R1,
Staphylococcus arlettae
Román-Ponce et al.
(2017), Srivastava
et al. (2013)
Chromium Dyeing,
electroplating, paints
production, steel
fabrication, tanning,
textile
Chlorosis, delayed,
senescence, wilting,
biochemical lesions,
reduced biosynthesis
germination, stunted
growth, oxidative
stress
Elongation of lag
phase, growth
inhibition,
inhibition of oxygen
uptake
Cicer arietinum
Mesorhizobium
sp. RC3
Wani and Khan
(2010)
(continued)