126
S. Lakshmana Prabu et al.
like pesticides, metal hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents etc. (Macek et al. 2000;
Susarla et al. 2002; Xia et al. 2003).
In phytoremediation method, live plants are utilized for removing the pollutants
by
1. Degradation
2. Assimilate
3. Metabolize
4. Detoxification of pollutants (Vasanthy et al. 2011).
Mechanisms involved in the Phytoremediation are
1. Uptake the contaminants, aggregation and consequently metabolised in plant
tissues.
2. Through leaves volatile organic hydrocarbons are transported.
3. Stimulation of microbial activity by releasing exudates and transfer biochemically nearby the roots.
4. At the root-soil surface improve the mineralization that is recognized by microbial
consortia and mycorrhizal fungi (Schnoor et al. 1995).
5. Original-Enhancement of mineralization at the root–soil interface that is
attributed to mycorrhizal fungi and microbial consortia associated with the root
surface (Schnoor et al. 1995).
Classification of Phytoremediation
Based on the applicability, fundamental process and type of pollutants, phytoremediation is classified as
i. Phytodegradation
ii. Phytoextraction
iii. Phytostimulation or rhizodegradation
iv. Phytovolatilization
v. Rhizofiltration
vi. Phytostabilization (Materac et al. 2015; Ismail 2012; Sri Lakshmi et al. 2017).
Phytodegradation
Phytodegradation, is also named as phytotransformation. It is a metabolic process,
enzymes which are secreted from the plant that catalyze and accelerate the chemical
reaction to degrade the xenobiotics (Alkio et al. 2005). Phytodegradation can occur
either inside the plant or outside the plant (Burns et al. 2013). In plant, microbes are
colonized around the shoot and roots, these accumulated microbes can degrade the
carbon substrates. Organic pollutants are degraded into small molecules and these
molecules are fused into the plant tissues which will help for the plant growth (https://
www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS2/2.asp; Materac et al. 2015; Sri
Lakshmi et al. 2017). Degradation of organic contaminant by phytodegradation
(UNEP 2002) is shown in Fig. 7.
S. Lakshmana Prabu et al.
like pesticides, metal hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents etc. (Macek et al. 2000;
Susarla et al. 2002; Xia et al. 2003).
In phytoremediation method, live plants are utilized for removing the pollutants
by
1. Degradation
2. Assimilate
3. Metabolize
4. Detoxification of pollutants (Vasanthy et al. 2011).
Mechanisms involved in the Phytoremediation are
1. Uptake the contaminants, aggregation and consequently metabolised in plant
tissues.
2. Through leaves volatile organic hydrocarbons are transported.
3. Stimulation of microbial activity by releasing exudates and transfer biochemically nearby the roots.
4. At the root-soil surface improve the mineralization that is recognized by microbial
consortia and mycorrhizal fungi (Schnoor et al. 1995).
5. Original-Enhancement of mineralization at the root–soil interface that is
attributed to mycorrhizal fungi and microbial consortia associated with the root
surface (Schnoor et al. 1995).
Classification of Phytoremediation
Based on the applicability, fundamental process and type of pollutants, phytoremediation is classified as
i. Phytodegradation
ii. Phytoextraction
iii. Phytostimulation or rhizodegradation
iv. Phytovolatilization
v. Rhizofiltration
vi. Phytostabilization (Materac et al. 2015; Ismail 2012; Sri Lakshmi et al. 2017).
Phytodegradation
Phytodegradation, is also named as phytotransformation. It is a metabolic process,
enzymes which are secreted from the plant that catalyze and accelerate the chemical
reaction to degrade the xenobiotics (Alkio et al. 2005). Phytodegradation can occur
either inside the plant or outside the plant (Burns et al. 2013). In plant, microbes are
colonized around the shoot and roots, these accumulated microbes can degrade the
carbon substrates. Organic pollutants are degraded into small molecules and these
molecules are fused into the plant tissues which will help for the plant growth (https://
www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS2/2.asp; Materac et al. 2015; Sri
Lakshmi et al. 2017). Degradation of organic contaminant by phytodegradation
(UNEP 2002) is shown in Fig. 7.