116
S. Lakshmana Prabu et al.
1.3 Importance of Textile Dye Effluent Treatment
Nowadays, water is getting contaminated due to rapid and advancement in industrialization and urbanization. In earth, in many occasions and throughout the history
where thousands of living organisms have died because of polluted water discharged
from various industries (https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publis
hing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-lch6~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch6.1).
About 1,000,000 million tons of dyes are utilized in textile industries among
which 10% dyes are discharged as waste into the natural resources and environment
(Jadhav et al. 2010). Early study results reported that per day, about 1.6 million litres
of water has been utilized for 8000 kg of fabric production in a medium sized textile
industry (Khandare and Govindwar 2015). In simple 200 litres of water is essential
to process about 1 kg of textile fabric.
World Bank assessed that textile industry water pollution is between 17 and 20%
obtained from dyeing and finishing treatments of fabric (Holkar et al. 2016; Rani et al.
2013). The composite waste stream may have 200–600 ppm of biological oxygen
demand (BOD) after treating of 1000 kg of cotton fabric, suspended solids in the
range of 30–50 ppm and total solids in the range of 1000–1600 ppm in a volume of
50–160 m
3 (Kimmatkar et al. 2017).
In general, presence of small quantity of dye can affect the quality of water. Due to
its dark color, the effluent blocks the sun light penetration leading to higher stability
behaviour and toxicity of the dyes. Disposal of these colored dyes into the environment from the textile industries can deteriorate the quality of water by generating
the pollution, eutrophication and disruption of aquatic life. This textile industries
effluent has been considered as one of the major issue, because these azo dye are
resistant to breakdown. Below 1 ppm, these colored dyes are clearly visible and
significantly damages the ecosystem and water system in the environment (Gupta
et al. 2003). About 72 toxic chemicals are discharged from textile dyeing industry
of which, 30 chemicals cannot be removed by waste water treatment (Chen and
Burns 2006). Also, most of the dyes are having complex structures, more stable to
oxidation and light, resistant to breakdown. Disposal of these dyes into the environment generate hazardous and harmful metabolites into the aquatic ecosystem
(Talarposhti et al. 2001). Non-biodegradable and its by-products are generated by
the reaction between synthetic dyes with other chemicals in the environment. Earlier
study results highlighted that textile dye effluents are highly polluted with dyes,
chemicals, textile auxiliaries, surfactants, different salts, mineral oils, heavy metals
and others (Hassan et al. 2009). Researchers reported that presence of different inorganic and organic compounds like vat dyes, naphthol, sulfur, enzymes, acetic acid,
chromium compounds, soaps, nitrates, heavy metal includes copper, lead, mercury,
nickel, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and some other auxiliary chemicals can cause
toxic effects. Other organic compounds like chlorinated stain remover, formaldehyde as dye fixing agents, nonbiodegradable dyeing chemicals and hydrocarbon
based softeners can cause carcinogenic.
S. Lakshmana Prabu et al.
1.3 Importance of Textile Dye Effluent Treatment
Nowadays, water is getting contaminated due to rapid and advancement in industrialization and urbanization. In earth, in many occasions and throughout the history
where thousands of living organisms have died because of polluted water discharged
from various industries (https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publis
hing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-lch6~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch6.1).
About 1,000,000 million tons of dyes are utilized in textile industries among
which 10% dyes are discharged as waste into the natural resources and environment
(Jadhav et al. 2010). Early study results reported that per day, about 1.6 million litres
of water has been utilized for 8000 kg of fabric production in a medium sized textile
industry (Khandare and Govindwar 2015). In simple 200 litres of water is essential
to process about 1 kg of textile fabric.
World Bank assessed that textile industry water pollution is between 17 and 20%
obtained from dyeing and finishing treatments of fabric (Holkar et al. 2016; Rani et al.
2013). The composite waste stream may have 200–600 ppm of biological oxygen
demand (BOD) after treating of 1000 kg of cotton fabric, suspended solids in the
range of 30–50 ppm and total solids in the range of 1000–1600 ppm in a volume of
50–160 m
3 (Kimmatkar et al. 2017).
In general, presence of small quantity of dye can affect the quality of water. Due to
its dark color, the effluent blocks the sun light penetration leading to higher stability
behaviour and toxicity of the dyes. Disposal of these colored dyes into the environment from the textile industries can deteriorate the quality of water by generating
the pollution, eutrophication and disruption of aquatic life. This textile industries
effluent has been considered as one of the major issue, because these azo dye are
resistant to breakdown. Below 1 ppm, these colored dyes are clearly visible and
significantly damages the ecosystem and water system in the environment (Gupta
et al. 2003). About 72 toxic chemicals are discharged from textile dyeing industry
of which, 30 chemicals cannot be removed by waste water treatment (Chen and
Burns 2006). Also, most of the dyes are having complex structures, more stable to
oxidation and light, resistant to breakdown. Disposal of these dyes into the environment generate hazardous and harmful metabolites into the aquatic ecosystem
(Talarposhti et al. 2001). Non-biodegradable and its by-products are generated by
the reaction between synthetic dyes with other chemicals in the environment. Earlier
study results highlighted that textile dye effluents are highly polluted with dyes,
chemicals, textile auxiliaries, surfactants, different salts, mineral oils, heavy metals
and others (Hassan et al. 2009). Researchers reported that presence of different inorganic and organic compounds like vat dyes, naphthol, sulfur, enzymes, acetic acid,
chromium compounds, soaps, nitrates, heavy metal includes copper, lead, mercury,
nickel, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and some other auxiliary chemicals can cause
toxic effects. Other organic compounds like chlorinated stain remover, formaldehyde as dye fixing agents, nonbiodegradable dyeing chemicals and hydrocarbon
based softeners can cause carcinogenic.