298
element for all tested cultivars. No significant differences were noticed between the
following barley genotypes: Hit and Orfej; Izvor and Rex; Line 1 and Line 2 (both
are two-row Macedonian genotypes); Zlatko, NS 525, and Perun varieties; Obzor
and Odisej varieties (Bulgarian cultivars with two-row spike); and Zagorec and
Kuber (two-row cultivars with Bulgarian origin). The mean data for all tested barley
varieties was 113.58 mg/kg, and the percentage of variation was 0.33% (Table 10.9).
Cioùek et al. (2012) also conducted a study for determination of macro- and
microelements in cereal cultivars such as wheat, barley, and oat during 2009. The
results from their research showed that barley had 0.393 g/kg calcium and 0.848 g/
kg magnesium. Those values were much higher compared to the mean values for
same elements in our research.
Even if the concentrations of micronutrients in grains are small, they are also
essential for the proper growth and normal plant development. Their accumulation
in cereal grain is influenced by multiple factors, including species and soil conditions, organic matter content, pH, and fertilization applied (Wiśniowska-Kielian
and Klima 2007).
Duffeus and Roise (1976) also determined the accumulation of minerals within
the individual tissues (aleurone, embryo, and pericarp plus testa) during grain development. At 55 days after maturity, about 15–20% of the iron was located in the
pericarp, 7–8% in the embryo, and the remainder in the endosperm. The study also
showed that a significant increase in the manganese content of the embryo occurred
during the later stages of seed development.
Manganese (Mn) is an important metal activator for various enzymes (Belitz
et al. 2004). In our research, the differences of manganese concentration between
barley genotypes were statistically significant (Table 10.10). Odisej was the variety
with the highest content of manganese (6.53 mg/kg), followed by Obzor (6.19 mg/
kg). Liliana cultivar had the lowest manganese content (3.77 mg/kg). GK Stramm
and Javor also showed low value for manganese content (4.40 mg/kg). No statistically significant differences were obtained between the following varieties: Zlatko
and Emon, Orfej and NS 589 cultivars, Somborac and Univers (six-row barley varieties with different origin), and Javor, Kompolti korai, and GK Stramm varieties.
The mean data for manganese content for all tested barley varieties was 5.30 mg/kg
with small percentage of variation (1.00%). Six-row barely genotypes showed lower
values from average data for manganese content but also, in the same time, lower
values compared to two-row barley varieties.
According to Cioùek et al. (2012), the mean data for content of manganese in
barley varieties was 10.45 mg/kg, and iron and zinc concentrations were 36.08 mg/
kg and 32.18 mg/kg, respectively. Those results were much higher compared to the
mean data for the same elements obtained in our research.
Iron (Fe) is a very important micronutrient for all living organisms because it
plays a critical role in metabolic processes such as DNA synthesis, respiration, and
photosynthesis. Further, many metabolic pathways are activated by iron, and it is a
prosthetic group constituent of many enzymes. Iron is the third most limiting nutrient for plant growth and metabolism, primarily due to the low solubility of the oxidized ferric form in aerobic environments (Zuo and Zhang 2011; Samaranayake
N. Markova Ruzdik et al.
element for all tested cultivars. No significant differences were noticed between the
following barley genotypes: Hit and Orfej; Izvor and Rex; Line 1 and Line 2 (both
are two-row Macedonian genotypes); Zlatko, NS 525, and Perun varieties; Obzor
and Odisej varieties (Bulgarian cultivars with two-row spike); and Zagorec and
Kuber (two-row cultivars with Bulgarian origin). The mean data for all tested barley
varieties was 113.58 mg/kg, and the percentage of variation was 0.33% (Table 10.9).
Cioùek et al. (2012) also conducted a study for determination of macro- and
microelements in cereal cultivars such as wheat, barley, and oat during 2009. The
results from their research showed that barley had 0.393 g/kg calcium and 0.848 g/
kg magnesium. Those values were much higher compared to the mean values for
same elements in our research.
Even if the concentrations of micronutrients in grains are small, they are also
essential for the proper growth and normal plant development. Their accumulation
in cereal grain is influenced by multiple factors, including species and soil conditions, organic matter content, pH, and fertilization applied (Wiśniowska-Kielian
and Klima 2007).
Duffeus and Roise (1976) also determined the accumulation of minerals within
the individual tissues (aleurone, embryo, and pericarp plus testa) during grain development. At 55 days after maturity, about 15–20% of the iron was located in the
pericarp, 7–8% in the embryo, and the remainder in the endosperm. The study also
showed that a significant increase in the manganese content of the embryo occurred
during the later stages of seed development.
Manganese (Mn) is an important metal activator for various enzymes (Belitz
et al. 2004). In our research, the differences of manganese concentration between
barley genotypes were statistically significant (Table 10.10). Odisej was the variety
with the highest content of manganese (6.53 mg/kg), followed by Obzor (6.19 mg/
kg). Liliana cultivar had the lowest manganese content (3.77 mg/kg). GK Stramm
and Javor also showed low value for manganese content (4.40 mg/kg). No statistically significant differences were obtained between the following varieties: Zlatko
and Emon, Orfej and NS 589 cultivars, Somborac and Univers (six-row barley varieties with different origin), and Javor, Kompolti korai, and GK Stramm varieties.
The mean data for manganese content for all tested barley varieties was 5.30 mg/kg
with small percentage of variation (1.00%). Six-row barely genotypes showed lower
values from average data for manganese content but also, in the same time, lower
values compared to two-row barley varieties.
According to Cioùek et al. (2012), the mean data for content of manganese in
barley varieties was 10.45 mg/kg, and iron and zinc concentrations were 36.08 mg/
kg and 32.18 mg/kg, respectively. Those results were much higher compared to the
mean data for the same elements obtained in our research.
Iron (Fe) is a very important micronutrient for all living organisms because it
plays a critical role in metabolic processes such as DNA synthesis, respiration, and
photosynthesis. Further, many metabolic pathways are activated by iron, and it is a
prosthetic group constituent of many enzymes. Iron is the third most limiting nutrient for plant growth and metabolism, primarily due to the low solubility of the oxidized ferric form in aerobic environments (Zuo and Zhang 2011; Samaranayake
N. Markova Ruzdik et al.