286
two of them (the United States and Canada) are in North America, and the last one
is in Oceania (Australia). In 2016, the highest barley grain yield was observed by
Germany (6685 kg/ha), followed by the United Kingdom (5931 kg/ha).
In 2019, also the Russian Federation is the top country in barley production with
19,939,000 tons which accounts for 21.42% of the world’s barley production. The
Russian Federation was followed by Canada (10,383,000 tons), Ukraine (9,528,000
tons), Australia (8,800,000 tons), and Turkey (7,900,000 tons). Those five countries
account for 59.98% of it.
In Table 10.3 are represented the countries with the largest barley production in the
Balkan Peninsula. According to the FAO (2016), the first place belongs to Bulgaria
with 689,850 t barley production, followed by Greece (405,696 t) and Serbia
(395,501 t). The average grain yield in the Republic of North Macedonia was 3507 kg/
ha, with 41,297 ha sown area and 144,832 t total barley production (Table 10.3).
In the Republic of North Macedonia, barley production takes the second place after
wheat. In Table 10.4 are given the sown area (ha), total production (t), and barley grain
yield (kg/ha) in the Republic of North Macedonia in the last 6 years (FAO 2019). In
the last 3 years, there is a slight trend of increasing barley production and grain yield.
10.1.2 Barley: Morphology, Vegetative Growth, and Uses
Barley is an annual grass that stands usually from 60 cm to 120 cm tall. Barley
has two types of root systems, seminal and adventurous. The stem is erect and
made up of hollow, cylindrical internodes, separated by the nodes which bear
Table 10.3 Balkan countries in barley production (FAO 2016)
Country
Sown area (ha)
Total production (t)
Yield (kg/ha)
Bulgaria
159,830
689,850
4316
Greece
151,953
405,696
2637
Serbia
91,530
395,501
4321
North Macedonia
41,297
144,832
3507
Slovenia
19,184
91,653
4777
Bosnia and Herzegovina
25,631
77,294
3015
Table 10.4 Barley sown area, total production, and yield in the Republic of North Macedonia
(FAO 2019)
Year
Sown area (ha)
Total production (t)
Yield (kg/ha)
2019
44,098
138,453
3151
2018
44,772
130,028
3072
2017
43,973
93,666
2138
2016
41,297
144,832
3507
2015
41,763
101,677
2470
2014
41,202
153,055
3719
N. Markova Ruzdik et al.
two of them (the United States and Canada) are in North America, and the last one
is in Oceania (Australia). In 2016, the highest barley grain yield was observed by
Germany (6685 kg/ha), followed by the United Kingdom (5931 kg/ha).
In 2019, also the Russian Federation is the top country in barley production with
19,939,000 tons which accounts for 21.42% of the world’s barley production. The
Russian Federation was followed by Canada (10,383,000 tons), Ukraine (9,528,000
tons), Australia (8,800,000 tons), and Turkey (7,900,000 tons). Those five countries
account for 59.98% of it.
In Table 10.3 are represented the countries with the largest barley production in the
Balkan Peninsula. According to the FAO (2016), the first place belongs to Bulgaria
with 689,850 t barley production, followed by Greece (405,696 t) and Serbia
(395,501 t). The average grain yield in the Republic of North Macedonia was 3507 kg/
ha, with 41,297 ha sown area and 144,832 t total barley production (Table 10.3).
In the Republic of North Macedonia, barley production takes the second place after
wheat. In Table 10.4 are given the sown area (ha), total production (t), and barley grain
yield (kg/ha) in the Republic of North Macedonia in the last 6 years (FAO 2019). In
the last 3 years, there is a slight trend of increasing barley production and grain yield.
10.1.2 Barley: Morphology, Vegetative Growth, and Uses
Barley is an annual grass that stands usually from 60 cm to 120 cm tall. Barley
has two types of root systems, seminal and adventurous. The stem is erect and
made up of hollow, cylindrical internodes, separated by the nodes which bear
Table 10.3 Balkan countries in barley production (FAO 2016)
Country
Sown area (ha)
Total production (t)
Yield (kg/ha)
Bulgaria
159,830
689,850
4316
Greece
151,953
405,696
2637
Serbia
91,530
395,501
4321
North Macedonia
41,297
144,832
3507
Slovenia
19,184
91,653
4777
Bosnia and Herzegovina
25,631
77,294
3015
Table 10.4 Barley sown area, total production, and yield in the Republic of North Macedonia
(FAO 2019)
Year
Sown area (ha)
Total production (t)
Yield (kg/ha)
2019
44,098
138,453
3151
2018
44,772
130,028
3072
2017
43,973
93,666
2138
2016
41,297
144,832
3507
2015
41,763
101,677
2470
2014
41,202
153,055
3719
N. Markova Ruzdik et al.