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The impact of road traffic emissions is greatest in urban areas with a congested
road network and a high frequency of vehicles. Road traffic accounts for emissions
of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, benzene and suspended particles, heavy
metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Road traffic emissions depend on
the type and age of the vehicles, the number of kilometers traveled by each group of
vehicles, as well as the quality of the fuels used by the vehicles. Industry is an
important source of emissions of suspended particles and heavy metals, while
energy production is a key source of emissions of SOx, NOx, suspended particles,
and CO. The agriculture sector is the main source category of ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions. Ammonia emissions mainly result from livestock breeding, fertilizer management, and the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. Agriculture is also a smaller
source of emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds and suspended
particles. Suspended particles, especially fine particles, contain microscopic solid or
liquid droplets that are so small that they can easily penetrate deep into the lungs
and cause serious health problems (Bourennane et al. 2010). Particle size, chemical
composition, and physical characteristics define the impact of suspended particles
on air quality and human health. Suspended particles also affect climate change
(Saeedi et al. 2012).
The processing of ore by processing ore-containing heavy metal emissions generates a local source of emissions in the environment. However, the amount of emissions has decreased significantly in the past two decades as a result of technological
development. Also the use of fossil fuels and uncontrolled burning of waste can
release heavy metals into the air (Coronas et al. 2013).
Heavy metals in the environment come from natural and anthropogenic sources
(Neff et al. 2008). Natural sources of these elements are volcanic eruptions, dust,
salts, and fires. Various human activities such as mining, industrial production
(smelting, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and the chemical industry), untreated
sewage sludge, coal combustion, and traffic produce far more heavy metals than
those that come from natural sources (Fordyce et al. 2005; Goodarzi 2006).
Measurement of accumulated metals in lichens is the main method used to assess air
pollution by heavy metals. The accumulation process depends on many factors,
such as weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.), the characteristics and health of moss species, and the availability of heavy metal in the environment. There is no doubt about the ability of moss to bioaccumulate heavy metals, as
the concentrations measured in their talus are directly related to environmental concentrations. The metal concentration in moss depends primarily on the type of metal
in the environment and the physical properties of the metal-containing particles
(size and acidity). Different species show different affinities for certain metals,
which probably results from the composition and type of binding sites on the cell
membrane (Aboal et al. 2010; Balabanova et al. 2010, 2012, 2014; Barandovski
et al. 2015).
Anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic activities have increased throughout the
world. The consequence is air pollution. Air pollution has created a lot of problems
which have affected living and non-living things. To avoid or reduce these problems, constant monitoring of the air should be ensured. The conventional technique
5 Proposing Chemometric Tool for Efficacy Surface Dust Deposition Tracking…
The impact of road traffic emissions is greatest in urban areas with a congested
road network and a high frequency of vehicles. Road traffic accounts for emissions
of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, benzene and suspended particles, heavy
metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Road traffic emissions depend on
the type and age of the vehicles, the number of kilometers traveled by each group of
vehicles, as well as the quality of the fuels used by the vehicles. Industry is an
important source of emissions of suspended particles and heavy metals, while
energy production is a key source of emissions of SOx, NOx, suspended particles,
and CO. The agriculture sector is the main source category of ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions. Ammonia emissions mainly result from livestock breeding, fertilizer management, and the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. Agriculture is also a smaller
source of emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds and suspended
particles. Suspended particles, especially fine particles, contain microscopic solid or
liquid droplets that are so small that they can easily penetrate deep into the lungs
and cause serious health problems (Bourennane et al. 2010). Particle size, chemical
composition, and physical characteristics define the impact of suspended particles
on air quality and human health. Suspended particles also affect climate change
(Saeedi et al. 2012).
The processing of ore by processing ore-containing heavy metal emissions generates a local source of emissions in the environment. However, the amount of emissions has decreased significantly in the past two decades as a result of technological
development. Also the use of fossil fuels and uncontrolled burning of waste can
release heavy metals into the air (Coronas et al. 2013).
Heavy metals in the environment come from natural and anthropogenic sources
(Neff et al. 2008). Natural sources of these elements are volcanic eruptions, dust,
salts, and fires. Various human activities such as mining, industrial production
(smelting, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and the chemical industry), untreated
sewage sludge, coal combustion, and traffic produce far more heavy metals than
those that come from natural sources (Fordyce et al. 2005; Goodarzi 2006).
Measurement of accumulated metals in lichens is the main method used to assess air
pollution by heavy metals. The accumulation process depends on many factors,
such as weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.), the characteristics and health of moss species, and the availability of heavy metal in the environment. There is no doubt about the ability of moss to bioaccumulate heavy metals, as
the concentrations measured in their talus are directly related to environmental concentrations. The metal concentration in moss depends primarily on the type of metal
in the environment and the physical properties of the metal-containing particles
(size and acidity). Different species show different affinities for certain metals,
which probably results from the composition and type of binding sites on the cell
membrane (Aboal et al. 2010; Balabanova et al. 2010, 2012, 2014; Barandovski
et al. 2015).
Anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic activities have increased throughout the
world. The consequence is air pollution. Air pollution has created a lot of problems
which have affected living and non-living things. To avoid or reduce these problems, constant monitoring of the air should be ensured. The conventional technique
5 Proposing Chemometric Tool for Efficacy Surface Dust Deposition Tracking…