132
metals show rather large differences in their retention capacities indicates that both
simple cation exchange on negative surface charges and complex formation with
ligands on the moss surface are involved. Laboratory analysis using scanning
electron microscopy has been involved for the determination of the dry deposition
occurring within moss bioindicators.
Keywords Moss bioindication · Homalothecium lutescens · Hypnum
cupressiforme · Toxic metals · Air deposition · SEM
5.1 Introduction in Anthropogenic and Non-anthropogenic
Air Deposition’s Impacts
Air pollution is a serious concern because limit values, especially those for suspended particulate matter concentrations set to protect human health, are being
exceeded (Longchurst and Brebbia 2013). Several sources and causes of major air
quality problems have been identified, but they may differ within urban and other
environments (Beelen et al. 2009). The use of wood for heating households in the
winter period causes serious problems with air quality in densely populated residential areas, as most households in the country still use wood as their primary source of
heating. Road traffic is also a source of air pollution in urban areas, due to high traffic
intensity and partly due to the old fleet and inadequate vehicle maintenance (De
Miguel et al. 1999; Longchurst and Brebbia 2013). Energy production and industry
can affect air quality locally, especially in the vicinity of old industrial plants that do
not have modern emission reduction systems. An additional impact on air pollution
is the development of densely built-up urban areas and the reduction of green areas
(Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts 1999; Beelen et al. 2009; Longchurst and Brebbia 2013).
Inefficient combustion in household fireplaces and boilers, together with the use
of poor-quality firewood, i.e., wet or processed wood, and even waste materials,
causes problems, especially in densely populated residential areas. A significant
proportion of households in the country still use firewood as their primary heat
source. Outdated and limited central heating systems, as well as the high cost of
electricity, further increase the use of solid fuels for household heating. Power generation and distribution systems are often outdated, inefficient, and unreliable and
pollute the air (Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts 1999).
Electricity production mainly depends on poor-quality lignite and old thermal
power plants. Combined heat and power generation, as well as wind and hydroelectric power generation, is still underrepresented in underdeveloped countries
(Goodarzi 2006). Lack of proper waste management and recycling systems increases
the amount of uncontrolled waste incineration, such as the incineration of household waste in the open. Also, burning agricultural waste can cause air quality problems locally.
B. Balabanova et al.
metals show rather large differences in their retention capacities indicates that both
simple cation exchange on negative surface charges and complex formation with
ligands on the moss surface are involved. Laboratory analysis using scanning
electron microscopy has been involved for the determination of the dry deposition
occurring within moss bioindicators.
Keywords Moss bioindication · Homalothecium lutescens · Hypnum
cupressiforme · Toxic metals · Air deposition · SEM
5.1 Introduction in Anthropogenic and Non-anthropogenic
Air Deposition’s Impacts
Air pollution is a serious concern because limit values, especially those for suspended particulate matter concentrations set to protect human health, are being
exceeded (Longchurst and Brebbia 2013). Several sources and causes of major air
quality problems have been identified, but they may differ within urban and other
environments (Beelen et al. 2009). The use of wood for heating households in the
winter period causes serious problems with air quality in densely populated residential areas, as most households in the country still use wood as their primary source of
heating. Road traffic is also a source of air pollution in urban areas, due to high traffic
intensity and partly due to the old fleet and inadequate vehicle maintenance (De
Miguel et al. 1999; Longchurst and Brebbia 2013). Energy production and industry
can affect air quality locally, especially in the vicinity of old industrial plants that do
not have modern emission reduction systems. An additional impact on air pollution
is the development of densely built-up urban areas and the reduction of green areas
(Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts 1999; Beelen et al. 2009; Longchurst and Brebbia 2013).
Inefficient combustion in household fireplaces and boilers, together with the use
of poor-quality firewood, i.e., wet or processed wood, and even waste materials,
causes problems, especially in densely populated residential areas. A significant
proportion of households in the country still use firewood as their primary heat
source. Outdated and limited central heating systems, as well as the high cost of
electricity, further increase the use of solid fuels for household heating. Power generation and distribution systems are often outdated, inefficient, and unreliable and
pollute the air (Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts 1999).
Electricity production mainly depends on poor-quality lignite and old thermal
power plants. Combined heat and power generation, as well as wind and hydroelectric power generation, is still underrepresented in underdeveloped countries
(Goodarzi 2006). Lack of proper waste management and recycling systems increases
the amount of uncontrolled waste incineration, such as the incineration of household waste in the open. Also, burning agricultural waste can cause air quality problems locally.
B. Balabanova et al.