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T. V. Ramachandra and S. Bharath
measure toward payment for ecological services, such as forest conservation, which
has been established based on a rigorous valuation of these ecosystem services to
encourage afforestation in a larger scale and support community livelihoods, which
are at the greatest risk due to LULC change and its associated impacts. The annual
sequestered carbon in forest ecosystems of Karnataka is about 16.1 Tg, which as per
carbon trading accounts to be INR 34 billion ($0.5 billion) at carbon trading of INR
2142 ($30) per tonne, which highlights the scope for higher carbon credits with reforestation of degraded landscapes. In this regard, the Government of India came up with
CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority)
to compensate for the loss of forest area and to maintain sustainability. The act
emphasized of ecological compensation based on net present value (NPV) for the
loss of forest ecosystem, while implementing developmental projects.
Although policies to implement adaptation and mitigation measures may be established at a global, national, or regional level, the consequences of climate change and
the necessary adaptation have to be undertaken locally. The management options to
minimize the impact of climate change include: promotion of reduced use of fossil
fuels and development of clean energy; efficient use of water resources; developing
low-cost sustainable technologies; improving health care and pest control; developing and using drought-resistant crops; constructing disaster-resistant buildings
and infrastructure. Renewable energy sources include solar power, wind, waste to
energy, are to be promoted through incentivized mechanism across all levels. The
creation of people’s nurseries under benefit sharing in accordance with the various
forest regulations and provisions and Forest Dweller’s Act, 2006, is recommended
to get location-specific species saplings would enhance the rural employment opportunities. The fencing of blocks of forest lands with basal areas of less than 15 sq. m
each, for minimum periods of 8–10 years, will prevent the entry of domestic cattle
and humans into these protected blocks and pave the way for natural regeneration
of especially native species of plants. Carbon reduction is achieved by promoting
alternative materials of least carbon footprint, efficient recycling technologies, and
remanufacturing as well as recovering the virgin materials. Increased emphasis on
research, education, training, and awareness needs to be provided to the employees
to make aware all advanced/alternative energy technologies for reducing emission
through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and public–private participation.
5 Conclusion
Forest ecosystems have been playing a key role in the global carbon cycle and
Earth’s climate by capturing, storing, and cycling carbon. Plants and soils in forest
ecosystems drive the global carbon cycle by sequestering (storing) carbon dioxide
through photosynthesis. The sustained anthropogenic pressure has been contributing
to GHGs in the atmosphere, contributing to the alterations in the climatic conditions regime due to global warming. The land-use dynamics analyses using temporal
remote sensing data reveal a loss of 6% forest cover during 1985–2019 in the state of
T. V. Ramachandra and S. Bharath
measure toward payment for ecological services, such as forest conservation, which
has been established based on a rigorous valuation of these ecosystem services to
encourage afforestation in a larger scale and support community livelihoods, which
are at the greatest risk due to LULC change and its associated impacts. The annual
sequestered carbon in forest ecosystems of Karnataka is about 16.1 Tg, which as per
carbon trading accounts to be INR 34 billion ($0.5 billion) at carbon trading of INR
2142 ($30) per tonne, which highlights the scope for higher carbon credits with reforestation of degraded landscapes. In this regard, the Government of India came up with
CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority)
to compensate for the loss of forest area and to maintain sustainability. The act
emphasized of ecological compensation based on net present value (NPV) for the
loss of forest ecosystem, while implementing developmental projects.
Although policies to implement adaptation and mitigation measures may be established at a global, national, or regional level, the consequences of climate change and
the necessary adaptation have to be undertaken locally. The management options to
minimize the impact of climate change include: promotion of reduced use of fossil
fuels and development of clean energy; efficient use of water resources; developing
low-cost sustainable technologies; improving health care and pest control; developing and using drought-resistant crops; constructing disaster-resistant buildings
and infrastructure. Renewable energy sources include solar power, wind, waste to
energy, are to be promoted through incentivized mechanism across all levels. The
creation of people’s nurseries under benefit sharing in accordance with the various
forest regulations and provisions and Forest Dweller’s Act, 2006, is recommended
to get location-specific species saplings would enhance the rural employment opportunities. The fencing of blocks of forest lands with basal areas of less than 15 sq. m
each, for minimum periods of 8–10 years, will prevent the entry of domestic cattle
and humans into these protected blocks and pave the way for natural regeneration
of especially native species of plants. Carbon reduction is achieved by promoting
alternative materials of least carbon footprint, efficient recycling technologies, and
remanufacturing as well as recovering the virgin materials. Increased emphasis on
research, education, training, and awareness needs to be provided to the employees
to make aware all advanced/alternative energy technologies for reducing emission
through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and public–private participation.
5 Conclusion
Forest ecosystems have been playing a key role in the global carbon cycle and
Earth’s climate by capturing, storing, and cycling carbon. Plants and soils in forest
ecosystems drive the global carbon cycle by sequestering (storing) carbon dioxide
through photosynthesis. The sustained anthropogenic pressure has been contributing
to GHGs in the atmosphere, contributing to the alterations in the climatic conditions regime due to global warming. The land-use dynamics analyses using temporal
remote sensing data reveal a loss of 6% forest cover during 1985–2019 in the state of