140
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
different countries reported that CH 4 emission flux rates in South Africa, Japan,
Florida, Taiwan, Thailand, Mexico, and Malaysia were 31.0, 0.21–266, 37.5, 0.38–
89.5, 1030.6, and 0–1112 mg m
−2 min
−1 , respectively.
6 Case Studies
6.1 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in China
Liu et al. [58] analyzed the properties of MSW and GHG emissions during waste
management in different areas of China through LCA approach using EaseTech
software. The organic fraction and moisture contents in waste varied from 50 to
70% and >50%, respectively. It was revealed that GHG emissions during scenario
1 (landfilling with flaring) and 2 (landfilling with biogas recovery) were 192 and
117 kg CO 2 e t
−1 of waste, respectively. Scenario 4, i.e., incineration with 19%
energy recovery rate led to a substantial decrease in gaseous emissions (−124 kg
CO 2 e t
−1 of waste) and thus net GHG emission was 32 kg CO 2 e CO 2 e t
−1 of waste.
Due to the high consumption of energy and inevitable leakage of N 2 O and CH 4 in
the treatment process, the fifth scenario (anaerobic digestion of the biodegradable
portions along with incineration of components having high calorific value followed
by residue landfilling) resulted in GHG release of 67 kg CO 2 e t
−1 of waste.
Yu and Zhang [100] reported a gradual increase in the amount of MSW generation
in Beijing from 1993 to 2013 having food waste as the most substantial component
over the earlier decade. The study showed a substantial increase in GHG emission
during the waste management from 1950 (6000 t CO 2 e year
−1 ) to 2013 (2145000 t
CO 2 e year
−1 ) [100]. However, the scenario study showed reduction of 9.8, 22.7, and
4.5% GHG emissions through three techniques, i.e., energy recovery in incineration,
gas flaring at landfills, and CH 4 recovery from landfill sites, respectively. The study
recommended that utilization of wastes in ratio of 3:3:4 by composting, incineration
and landfill can efficiently reduce the gaseous emission by 41% in the coming future
[100].
6.2 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in the USA
Direct GHG emissions scenario of 2018 showed that CO 2 (2714003580 Mt CO 2 e)
is the highest emitted GHG followed by CH 4 (226971856 Mt CO 2 e) and N 2 O
(28672148 Mt CO 2 e) [91]. Waste sector stands at sixth position in terms of GHG
emissions, i.e., on an average 108.9 MMt of GHG is emitted from 1498 facilities
[91]. Table 4 shows GHG generations during the course of MSW management in the
USA from 1990 to 2018 [90].
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
different countries reported that CH 4 emission flux rates in South Africa, Japan,
Florida, Taiwan, Thailand, Mexico, and Malaysia were 31.0, 0.21–266, 37.5, 0.38–
89.5, 1030.6, and 0–1112 mg m
−2 min
−1 , respectively.
6 Case Studies
6.1 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in China
Liu et al. [58] analyzed the properties of MSW and GHG emissions during waste
management in different areas of China through LCA approach using EaseTech
software. The organic fraction and moisture contents in waste varied from 50 to
70% and >50%, respectively. It was revealed that GHG emissions during scenario
1 (landfilling with flaring) and 2 (landfilling with biogas recovery) were 192 and
117 kg CO 2 e t
−1 of waste, respectively. Scenario 4, i.e., incineration with 19%
energy recovery rate led to a substantial decrease in gaseous emissions (−124 kg
CO 2 e t
−1 of waste) and thus net GHG emission was 32 kg CO 2 e CO 2 e t
−1 of waste.
Due to the high consumption of energy and inevitable leakage of N 2 O and CH 4 in
the treatment process, the fifth scenario (anaerobic digestion of the biodegradable
portions along with incineration of components having high calorific value followed
by residue landfilling) resulted in GHG release of 67 kg CO 2 e t
−1 of waste.
Yu and Zhang [100] reported a gradual increase in the amount of MSW generation
in Beijing from 1993 to 2013 having food waste as the most substantial component
over the earlier decade. The study showed a substantial increase in GHG emission
during the waste management from 1950 (6000 t CO 2 e year
−1 ) to 2013 (2145000 t
CO 2 e year
−1 ) [100]. However, the scenario study showed reduction of 9.8, 22.7, and
4.5% GHG emissions through three techniques, i.e., energy recovery in incineration,
gas flaring at landfills, and CH 4 recovery from landfill sites, respectively. The study
recommended that utilization of wastes in ratio of 3:3:4 by composting, incineration
and landfill can efficiently reduce the gaseous emission by 41% in the coming future
[100].
6.2 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in the USA
Direct GHG emissions scenario of 2018 showed that CO 2 (2714003580 Mt CO 2 e)
is the highest emitted GHG followed by CH 4 (226971856 Mt CO 2 e) and N 2 O
(28672148 Mt CO 2 e) [91]. Waste sector stands at sixth position in terms of GHG
emissions, i.e., on an average 108.9 MMt of GHG is emitted from 1498 facilities
[91]. Table 4 shows GHG generations during the course of MSW management in the
USA from 1990 to 2018 [90].