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A. S. Santos et al.
than a trillion dollars needed to meet the projected energy demand in the current
commercial scenario, according to the study [34].
In addition to the use of alternative fuels, there is an enormous potential for
electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce pollutants and CO 2 emissions in countries with
an energy matrix composed mostly of clean sources (e.g.: Brazil). Despite having
a lower operating cost, EVs still have a higher total cost than internal combustion
vehicles. EVs are identified as a fundamental part of the ongoing transformation in
the electricity sector with the potential to optimize the use of intermittent renewable
energy sources.
However, for the benefits of extensive transport electrification to be real, the
electrical energy that feeds them must come from clean energy sources and renewable [53]. In Developing Countries rechargeable EVs are expensive, low operational autonomy and need for loading infrastructure, being its dissemination still
small today. Vehicles with a high degree of use, such as taxis, mobility-as-service
and freight vehicles, may be more suitable from the economic point of view for
electrification [1, 53].
Use of BEV, electric vehicles for hydrogen fuel cells (FCEV) and plug-in hybrid
vehicles for hydrogen fuel cells (FCHEV) assist in improving the road transport
system with powertrain life cycle costs estimated in 2030 of US$6,460 to US$11,420
to BEVs, US$7,360 to US$22,580 to FCEV, and US$4,310 to US$12,540 to FCHEVs
[63].
Within shared mobility, two elements will support the development of EVs: (i)
the emergence of transport service operators (e.g., car sharing and travel sharing
companies); and (ii) intermodally systems (mobility as a service). Car sharing and
travel sharing companies eliminate travel costs purchase, possession and maintenance
of vehicles for users. Furthermore, they provide cost-effective for the adoption of EVs
due to the high degree of vehicle utilization (costs lower than Internal Combustion
Engine Vehicles -ICEVs). According to the World Economic Forum [103], electrified
fleets of taxis, commercial vehicles and public transport should be the focus of emobility in the future, as they will have a greater impact than private vehicles due to
the fact that they represent the largest volume of miles traveled in cities.
As a primary strategy for public transportation the use of electric buses represents
an important link to meet the need for sustainable urban transport, however they
need an efficient, accessible and quality transport network to attract customers and
induce the migration of the individual transport user for the public transport network,
combining a significant impact on air quality and on the quality of life and health
of citizens [83]. Electric buses generally have lower operating costs than traditional
buses due to savings from reduced fuel consumption and lower maintenance costs
[12].
The option of electric buses eliminates the transmission, clutch and combustion
engine. With far fewer parts and a simpler design, maintenance costs are also lower,
depreciation slower; longer service life, as well as residual value. The assessment of
indirect gains is more complex than a fuel substitution. The conclusion is that, even
if the electric bus costs twice as much as the conventional diesel bus, the economic
benefits would justify the change [47]. One of the ways to encourage the use of
A. S. Santos et al.
than a trillion dollars needed to meet the projected energy demand in the current
commercial scenario, according to the study [34].
In addition to the use of alternative fuels, there is an enormous potential for
electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce pollutants and CO 2 emissions in countries with
an energy matrix composed mostly of clean sources (e.g.: Brazil). Despite having
a lower operating cost, EVs still have a higher total cost than internal combustion
vehicles. EVs are identified as a fundamental part of the ongoing transformation in
the electricity sector with the potential to optimize the use of intermittent renewable
energy sources.
However, for the benefits of extensive transport electrification to be real, the
electrical energy that feeds them must come from clean energy sources and renewable [53]. In Developing Countries rechargeable EVs are expensive, low operational autonomy and need for loading infrastructure, being its dissemination still
small today. Vehicles with a high degree of use, such as taxis, mobility-as-service
and freight vehicles, may be more suitable from the economic point of view for
electrification [1, 53].
Use of BEV, electric vehicles for hydrogen fuel cells (FCEV) and plug-in hybrid
vehicles for hydrogen fuel cells (FCHEV) assist in improving the road transport
system with powertrain life cycle costs estimated in 2030 of US$6,460 to US$11,420
to BEVs, US$7,360 to US$22,580 to FCEV, and US$4,310 to US$12,540 to FCHEVs
[63].
Within shared mobility, two elements will support the development of EVs: (i)
the emergence of transport service operators (e.g., car sharing and travel sharing
companies); and (ii) intermodally systems (mobility as a service). Car sharing and
travel sharing companies eliminate travel costs purchase, possession and maintenance
of vehicles for users. Furthermore, they provide cost-effective for the adoption of EVs
due to the high degree of vehicle utilization (costs lower than Internal Combustion
Engine Vehicles -ICEVs). According to the World Economic Forum [103], electrified
fleets of taxis, commercial vehicles and public transport should be the focus of emobility in the future, as they will have a greater impact than private vehicles due to
the fact that they represent the largest volume of miles traveled in cities.
As a primary strategy for public transportation the use of electric buses represents
an important link to meet the need for sustainable urban transport, however they
need an efficient, accessible and quality transport network to attract customers and
induce the migration of the individual transport user for the public transport network,
combining a significant impact on air quality and on the quality of life and health
of citizens [83]. Electric buses generally have lower operating costs than traditional
buses due to savings from reduced fuel consumption and lower maintenance costs
[12].
The option of electric buses eliminates the transmission, clutch and combustion
engine. With far fewer parts and a simpler design, maintenance costs are also lower,
depreciation slower; longer service life, as well as residual value. The assessment of
indirect gains is more complex than a fuel substitution. The conclusion is that, even
if the electric bus costs twice as much as the conventional diesel bus, the economic
benefits would justify the change [47]. One of the ways to encourage the use of