104
A. S. Santos et al.
analysis of options and costs estimate to promote sustainable transportation in cities,
according their capabilities and specificities.
There is an urgency to implement projects that to stay on course to keep the planet
from warming more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. A research estimated that
we will need US$2 trillion in annual global capital investment to building low carbon
transport, with a US$300 billion annual saving compared to fossil-fueled business
as usual scenario, which would bring 4 °C of global warming [49, 98].
The estimates presented by Lefevre et al. [49] reveal an emerging consensus that
a low carbon future of infrastructure development will cost less than current highcarbon patterns of development, and significantly less over the long term. Moreover,
the analysis demonstrates that a low carbon scenario is within the current means.
This opens an array of new options for prioritizing sustainable transport investment.
Hence, a greener path toward transport infrastructure is not only attractive as a climate
change mitigation strategy, but it is also feasible, that is, within the current financial
flows invested in the transport sector. In addition, it has the potential to bring more
overall prosperity through financial savings. An evaluation of costs to shifting to
sustainable transportation are presented according the six categories as presented as
follows.
5.1 Public Transportation Improvements
The public transportation improvements aim to make it more attractive in relation
to the private car use and to promote the operations with greater energy efficiency,
in addition to stimulating the use of fuels with low carbon intensity [33], as further
discussed in Sect. 5.6. What makes technological innovations in the system necessary, such as vehicles, track, and fuel, using advanced engine management systems,
efficient vehicle transmission groups; and monitoring of standards for low-emission
vehicles [84].
In addition, the implementation and improvement of the mass transport infrastructure is another way to assist in improving the journey of public transportation,
providing the induction of trips in a system of greater capacity, making it possible
to an increase in migration to mass public transportation and a reduction in the use
of private cars, taxis and minibuses by switching to other modes leading to reduced
congestion [17].
In the study by Farzaneh et al. [22], for example, it was possible to observe that
the development of the BRT system is capable of generating a significant increase
in the number of passengers transported per kilometer (km). Regarding the BRT
implementation, in Brazil, several cities implemented the system such as Curitiba,
Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Guarulhos [3, 38, 68]. Specifically, in relation to cost,
there is a variation in these locations between US$2.481 million/km (Guarulhos
city) and US$14.716 million/km (Rio de Janeiro city). Thus, it is noted that there is
a medium—high implementation cost this type of system, as presented in Table 2.
A. S. Santos et al.
analysis of options and costs estimate to promote sustainable transportation in cities,
according their capabilities and specificities.
There is an urgency to implement projects that to stay on course to keep the planet
from warming more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. A research estimated that
we will need US$2 trillion in annual global capital investment to building low carbon
transport, with a US$300 billion annual saving compared to fossil-fueled business
as usual scenario, which would bring 4 °C of global warming [49, 98].
The estimates presented by Lefevre et al. [49] reveal an emerging consensus that
a low carbon future of infrastructure development will cost less than current highcarbon patterns of development, and significantly less over the long term. Moreover,
the analysis demonstrates that a low carbon scenario is within the current means.
This opens an array of new options for prioritizing sustainable transport investment.
Hence, a greener path toward transport infrastructure is not only attractive as a climate
change mitigation strategy, but it is also feasible, that is, within the current financial
flows invested in the transport sector. In addition, it has the potential to bring more
overall prosperity through financial savings. An evaluation of costs to shifting to
sustainable transportation are presented according the six categories as presented as
follows.
5.1 Public Transportation Improvements
The public transportation improvements aim to make it more attractive in relation
to the private car use and to promote the operations with greater energy efficiency,
in addition to stimulating the use of fuels with low carbon intensity [33], as further
discussed in Sect. 5.6. What makes technological innovations in the system necessary, such as vehicles, track, and fuel, using advanced engine management systems,
efficient vehicle transmission groups; and monitoring of standards for low-emission
vehicles [84].
In addition, the implementation and improvement of the mass transport infrastructure is another way to assist in improving the journey of public transportation,
providing the induction of trips in a system of greater capacity, making it possible
to an increase in migration to mass public transportation and a reduction in the use
of private cars, taxis and minibuses by switching to other modes leading to reduced
congestion [17].
In the study by Farzaneh et al. [22], for example, it was possible to observe that
the development of the BRT system is capable of generating a significant increase
in the number of passengers transported per kilometer (km). Regarding the BRT
implementation, in Brazil, several cities implemented the system such as Curitiba,
Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Guarulhos [3, 38, 68]. Specifically, in relation to cost,
there is a variation in these locations between US$2.481 million/km (Guarulhos
city) and US$14.716 million/km (Rio de Janeiro city). Thus, it is noted that there is
a medium—high implementation cost this type of system, as presented in Table 2.