Ascertainment of Ecological Footprint …
83
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
LEFP
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
LGPPC
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
LEU
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
LPOPULA T
1E+11
2E+11
3E+11
4E+11
5E+11
6E+11
7E+11
8E+11
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
LAGRIC
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
GPPC^2
Fig. 1 Trend of variables in the data. Source Compiled by the author with Eviews
EFP = a 1 + a 2 GDP it + a 3 GDP
2
it + a 4 EU it + a 5 AG it + a 6 POP it + μ it (1)
LNEFP = a 1 + a 2 LNGDP it + a 3 LNGDP
2
it + a 4 LNEU it + a 5 LNAG it
+ a 6 LNPOP it + μ it
(2)
where EFP, GDP, EU, AG, and POP from both Eqs. 1 and 2 mean ecological footprint,
GDP per capita, energy use, agriculture and population, and a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 and a 6
are the coefficients of the selected variables in the model. μ is the error term.
The model specification for short- and long-run analyses according to ARDL [23,
24] is expressed as following;
ln EFP t = ∅ + a 1 ln EFP t−1 + a 2 ln GDP t−1 + a 3 ln GDP
2
t−1