16
C. Rivero-Camacho et al.
Table 2 EF of daily food consumption per year and person [84]
Country Cropland EF (10 −3 gha) Pastures EF
(10 −3 gha)
Sea EF (10 −3 gha) Fossil EF (10 −3 gha)
Spain
1.45
0.27
0.41
0.49
Table 3 Data for calculating the impact of transport [19]
Concrete
Other materials
Truck load capacity (kg)
24.000
2.000
Distance to factory (km)
20
250
Average diesel consumption (litres/100 km)
26
26
Diesel emissions (tCO 2 /litre)
2,62E−03
2,62E−03
With these data, the tons of CO 2 that would be involved in the transport of each
material can be obtained, applying Eq. 4 of Table 1, converting these data into EF—a
figure that is passed on directly to each basic cost.
As an example, we can see in Table 4 the most representative families of materials
in building projects together with their environmental impacts in EF, associated per
unit of reference.
3. Machinery
The impact caused by the use of machinery is analysed, specifically by its energy
consumption (both fuel and electricity), linking it to the engine power. The consumption of the machinery is calculated, and then, the EF of the fossil fuel consumption
is obtained from Eq. 5 (Table 1).
To obtain the fuel consumption, the “Machinery Manual” prepared by SEOPAN
[85] is used, where the technical data of different models and typologies of machines
on the market are collected. Choosing the most unfavourable consumptions, the
classified machinery is analysed, where a coefficient is applied to the power of each
Table 4 EF of the main
families of materials
(self-made)
Material
EF (hag/t)
Soil
0.005
Wood
−0.483
Concrete
0.057
Asphalt
0.098
Ceramics
0.107
Aggregates and stones
0.005
Metals
0.907
Plastics
0.898
Glass
0.30
Mortars and pastes
0.294
C. Rivero-Camacho et al.
Table 2 EF of daily food consumption per year and person [84]
Country Cropland EF (10 −3 gha) Pastures EF
(10 −3 gha)
Sea EF (10 −3 gha) Fossil EF (10 −3 gha)
Spain
1.45
0.27
0.41
0.49
Table 3 Data for calculating the impact of transport [19]
Concrete
Other materials
Truck load capacity (kg)
24.000
2.000
Distance to factory (km)
20
250
Average diesel consumption (litres/100 km)
26
26
Diesel emissions (tCO 2 /litre)
2,62E−03
2,62E−03
With these data, the tons of CO 2 that would be involved in the transport of each
material can be obtained, applying Eq. 4 of Table 1, converting these data into EF—a
figure that is passed on directly to each basic cost.
As an example, we can see in Table 4 the most representative families of materials
in building projects together with their environmental impacts in EF, associated per
unit of reference.
3. Machinery
The impact caused by the use of machinery is analysed, specifically by its energy
consumption (both fuel and electricity), linking it to the engine power. The consumption of the machinery is calculated, and then, the EF of the fossil fuel consumption
is obtained from Eq. 5 (Table 1).
To obtain the fuel consumption, the “Machinery Manual” prepared by SEOPAN
[85] is used, where the technical data of different models and typologies of machines
on the market are collected. Choosing the most unfavourable consumptions, the
classified machinery is analysed, where a coefficient is applied to the power of each
Table 4 EF of the main
families of materials
(self-made)
Material
EF (hag/t)
Soil
0.005
Wood
−0.483
Concrete
0.057
Asphalt
0.098
Ceramics
0.107
Aggregates and stones
0.005
Metals
0.907
Plastics
0.898
Glass
0.30
Mortars and pastes
0.294