Pakistan Ecological Footprint and Major Driving Forces …
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Table 1 Descriptive statistics
EFP
GDP
EU
FDI
AGRIC
Mean
0.757059
754.7259
29.59761
0.746787
2.59E+10
Median
0.765958
787.3003
26.68124
0.566385
2.41E+10
Maximum
0.926129
1117.518
66.85071
3.668323
4.69E+10
Minimum
0.633942
450.3759
6.534027
-0.062662
1.09E+10
Std.Dev.
0.088139
198.0054
18.79940
0.798594
1.19E+10
Skewness
0.072895
-0.000256
0.391197
2.217013
0.316721
Kurtosis
1.707545
1.851147
1.764700
7.890248
1.713076
Jarque-Bera
3.312902
2.584731
4.187126
85.33461
4.029116
Probability
0.190815
0.274620
0.123247
0.000000
0.133379
Sum
35.58179
35472.12
1391.088
35.09898
1.22E+12
SumSq. Dev.
0.357348
1803483.
16257.20
29.33660
6.49E+21
Observations
47
47
47
47
47
Source Authors computation
Table 2 Unit root test
Variables
@ LEVEL
First Diff
With intercept Intercept & trend With intercept Intercept & trend Decision
PP
LEFP
−1.1265
−2.5289
−8.1305***
−8.0683***
I(1)
LGDP
1.3567
−2.1622
−3.9969***
−4.1957***
I(1)
LEU
2.5669
−1.7461
−3.4438**
−4.0284**
I(1)
FDI
−1.9540
−2.0496
−4.4422***
−4.4065***
I(1)
LAGR
2.8785
−5.6037***
−7.7651***
−9.2561***
MIXED
ADF
LEFP
−1.2248
−2.4877**
−8.1377***
−8.0729***
MIXED
LGDP
0.8953
−1.9474
−4.0830***
−4.2549***
I(1)
LEU
1.3510
−2.0178
−3.4438***
−3.9700***
I(1)
FDI
−3.0025**
−3.3474*
−4.7110***
−4.6877***
MIXED
LAGR
2.0462
−2.7743
−7.7578***
−8.7232***
I(1)
Notes (a): (*) Significant at the 10%; (**) Significant at the 5%; (***) Significant at the 1% (b):
P-value according to (1) Maclean et al. one-sided P-values
Source Author’s computation
4.3 Linear and Cointegration (Short and Long Run)
For the linear and cointegration estimations, ARDL-bound test was utilized for accurate analysis. From the output of unit root test, a mixed order of integration is recorded